Body gender Essay

Reversal of Roles (Women Seducing Men). In the 20th century, people become modernized and most of the traditional roles are no longer followed. The modern concepts allow the people, especially the women, greater freedom and opportunity to practice their potentialities and pursue their chosen endeavours. An innovation that comes along with the modern world is the reversal of roles between male and female, and one of these roles is men being seduced by women. As women become open-minded and liberated, their sexual views become wider. Women seduce men for various reasons: for personal gain, persuade the man into something or, the most common, sexual interaction. Many relationships are either developed or destroyed by this. However, not all people accept this practice. Despite the modernization, a lot of people are still old-fashioned. These people, including the church and countless moral advocates, still consider the women as a creation of God that should live and act with morality. They opposed women’s seduction of men and see it as against the normal norm of the society. Women are aware of this restriction that is why they do the temptation discreetly. Men and Women Modernity. This picture shows the modernization of men and women in the 20th century. They have more freedom in terms of fashion and a lot of other things. They wear clothes that make them comfortable, not minding whether the garments conform to the norm of the society or not. Many of the modern men and women actions deviate from or are not consistent to the cultural norm. In marital relationship, for example, it is getting normal and easy for a quite a number of married couples to divorce and marry another person. This is, of course, opposed to the doctrine of the church that sanctifies the sacredness of marriage. The women and women are expected to be guided with morality. However, as the world modernizes, so does the sexual perspective. Premarital sexual intercourse is common, even to younger generation. It is getting ordinary every day. Men are seeing women as sex objects. The women, in return, submit to the men’s desire. Worse, this often results into unwanted pregnancies or early marriage. Immorality in the modern world abounds. In this case, the country’s leaders, the church and the parents have vital roles in curving the immorality brought by modern world. One way to do it is revive the moral values and instil them in the mind not only of the youth but of all the people as well. Men and Women of World War II. As the United States of America entered World War II in 1941, its economy drastically changed. The nation demanded more from its citizen. All capable male enlisted into the military and went to the warfront. However, it was not enough. The gender roles were dramatically altered temporarily as women volunteered to join various female branches of the military. Some women back home worked in the factories. Traditionally, women were regarded as subordinates of men. They were seen as weak gender and war, which was ruled by men, was not a place for them. However, during World War II, the women’s services were badly needed by their country and they responded to it. Although it was not consistent with the cultural norms, gender roles were temporarily set aside for a noble cause. The feminine kingdom has once again shown to the world that they could equal, if not outdo, men in many ways. Feminists see this as a morale-boosting feat. Men and Women in Politics. The picture shows the major involvement of women in politics. Unlike in the past, women of today are active politically. Many public officials in the country are women. In fact, in some places, several of the highest positions in the land are held by females. Now, male politicians are not taking the female officials lightly but consider them as strong political figures. Their opinions are as strong as that of the men’s. It is a far cry from the past wherein all political authorities were held by men; women were only expected to stay home, take care of the children and do all the house chores. Male is still the stronger figure in politics world as proven in many countries where men hold the highest positions. But the females are not far behind. This development among women produces positive feedbacks. Abuses from men gradually lessen because women are getting bolder to bring in the open their ordeal. They are aware that they have a voice in the government. Yves Saint Laurent in de Young Museum. De young Museum, located in San Francisco’s Golden Park, is exhibiting the 40 years garments, sketches and designs by Yves Saint Laurent. As I entered, I noticed that the exhibit room was dimly lit that the descriptive labels at the bottom of the mannequins were barely readable. An array of YSL clothes and garments are displayed, like the all black outfits, a dress with a transparent top, the evening gown with a bare midriff and the black tuxedoes for men and women. There were also the ethnic-inspired outfits, a red late-hippie gypsy band as well as the collection of African dresses. In another line were YSL’s various rendition of bridal gowns: the hand-knitted off-white cocoon ; the typical Saint Laurent short and multicoloured gown called â€Å"Love Me Forever† gown; the Shakespeare-inspired bridal wear in lush gold and orange lustrous fabric and brocade and the 1997 bikini-like bridal gown covered with thick pink and green flowers, leaves and pink strip of fabric. Now, these are just some of the 130 Yves Saint Laurent works in de Young Museum that await visitors. The Legion of Honor Palace. The whole architecture of The Legion of Honor Palace in San Francisco is already a huge attraction by itself. The building, built to commemorate the Californian soldiers who died in World War I, is located on top of the ocean cliffs which enables for an amazing view of the Golden Gate Bridge. Inside, the museum displays an impressive collection of 4,000 years of ancient and European art, the largest portion is comprised of French art. It showcases the works of such great artists like Rembrandt ( Joris de Caulirii), David(La Baronne Meunier), El Greco(St. John the Baptist),Renoir (Portrait of Richard Wagner), Monet(The Grand Canal, Venice), Picasso ( Head of a Woman) and many others. Perhaps the museum’s most distinguished acquisition is the collection of statues by Auguste Rodin which are on display. The most famous sculpture of Rodin, The Thinker, dominates the museum’s outdoor Court of Honor. This is the figure that greets the visitors first before entering the building. References: †¢ Lambert, Tim A. 17th Century Women. A World Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://www. localhistories. org/index. html †¢ Women and the Home Front During World War II. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://www. mnhs. org/library/tips/history_topics/131women_homefront. htm.

Ethical Perspectives

In the workplace, people at all levels of the organization are likely to encounter ethical dilemmas. An ethical dilemma is a situation where decisions have to be made that may be in conflict with one’s deeply held beliefs. Oftentimes acting in the best interest of the company requires considering the needs of others, not just one’s personal feelings. Understanding that personal beliefs cannot rule all workplace decision making, and in speaking of potential ethical issues, most people will state emphatically that they will assess each situation fully and only act when all the data has been gathered and a thorough investigation has been performed. However, the reality is that people make quick decisions that do not always take into account all affected parties, referred to as stakeholders.Tools have been developed to help people prepare for actual workplace dilemmas. One such tool is the virtual EthicsGame Dilemmas. The simulation consists of two problematic workplace sit uations. The Case of the Mysterious Roses revolved around a woman, Gayle Dornier, receiving anonymous roses at work and how it made her feel as though she was being stalked, which in turn made her feel unsafe in the office (University of Phoenix, 2013).The other scenario, the Case of the Cold Feet, involved a researcher, Dr. Waters, who wanted his superior to assist him in presenting the best data possible for a medical journal article (University of Phoenix, 2013). This would ordinarily seem to be a legitimate request; however, the supervisor was privy to information which indicated the results from the research were not as favorable as the article described. The purpose of the games are to help people determine who are the stakeholders and the possible outcomes using different perspectives, or lens, such as the rights/responsibilities lens, results lens, relationship lens, and reputation lens.The ProcessIn both situations, the steps used involved being attentive, which is when the issue is defined. In the Mysterious Roses case, the issue was ensuring that Gayle would be able to discuss what happened with her manager, while the manager maintained his/her responsibility to treat all employees fairly during the investigation. In the Cold Feet case, the issue was determining how to find the balance between dealing with the false data and preserving the reputation of the organization.The second steps involves being intelligent, which is the point at which the stakeholders are identified. Making decisions without first understanding which parties will be affected by the outcome would be irresponsible. There are two sets of stakeholders, primary and secondary. The primary stakeholders are anybody directly involved in the situation and the secondary stakeholders are those who are likely not to be affected directly, but if they are, it will be a blip in their life, whereas the primary stakeholders may suffer a loss of reputation, employment, or investment. The third step involves applying reason and using one of the lens techniques to determine which type of action will yield the best result.In the Mysterious Roses, the lens that worked best was the Rights/Responsibilities Lens, which is to tell Gayle that her issue can be kept confidential, but that it may have to be reported if it is a work-related problem. She should also be encouraged to review the Company Handbook before meeting with her manager to discuss the issue. This is a good decision from a risk to the company perspective as it ranks zero on a scale of zero to five. With the Cold Feet case, the best lens was the Reputation Lens, which was for the supervisor to inform the researcher, Dr. Waters, of his/her concerns regarding the data without alerting him to the fact that the information regarding the data had come from the junior researcher.This will give Dr. Waters time to admit what he did and possibly explain why. If he does not come clean, the supervisor should then make the gene ral counsel aware of Dr. Waters’ actions. This approach is somewhat risky as this could be elevated to a legal matter which would have to be shared with the public; therefore, it has a risk value of one on a scale of zero to five. These ethical perspectives were right in line with my views. As I was going through the simulation, there was an instance where my stance waivered, however, it was only when I was asked to make the decision that had the greatest good for  the greatest amount of people. When I went back to my true feelings on the matters, my decisions were always in line with what was considered the best option.Applying these Concepts to the WorkplaceBecause my true feelings regarding these situations were in line with what the simulation offered as the best possible solutions, I feel strongly that I will be able to effectively apply these concepts in my workplace. Successfully dealing with ethical dilemmas involves keeping a level head, determining the true issue, and then applying reason to identify stakeholders and work through the investigation process. These are skills I possess already and which will only improve over time with each ethical dilemma encountered.

Difference Between The Regression Coefficients Essay

Difference Between The Regression Coefficients - Essay Example Suppose we want to test the autoregression of the dependent variable expenditure on the independent variable income we have to run the procedure REGRESS in STATA. Let us proceed as follows with two time periods with dependent variable expenditure (exp) and independent variable income (income):. by sort time per regress exp income. regress exp income if time per (time period 0) for eg.1987 to 1996. regress exp income if time per (time period 1) for eg.1997 to 2006To combine both in the constrained model, Expenditure is regressed on income for both time periods together as follow: . regexp income Null hypothesis: The regression coefficients do not differ significantly for the two time periods time period 0 and time period 1. Alternative hypothesis: The regression coefficients differ significantly for the two time periods time period 0 and time period 1. Chow test is being considered as an important tool in predicting the differences between the two regression coefficients when the grou ps are heterogeneously different. Even with the impact of dummy variables Chow test seems to be more robust in predicting the significant difference between two regressions under homoscedastic situations. Chow test is applicable in heteroscedastic situations.Breusch – Pagan test is used in testing whether heteroscedasticity is present in a linear regression model. It is also used to test whether the estimated variance of the residuals from regression equation is dependent on the values of independent variable values.

Washington as a general Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Washington as a general - Term Paper Example Washington was born on February 22, 1732. From an early age, Washington had shown characteristics of being strong, brave, leadership and eagerness for battle, all of which would help him later in his life in his service in the military. His military service spanned more than forty years. Although he is best remembered as a general for the role he played in the American Revolutionary War, his military career had started many years before during the Seven Years War in which he served as a major. His clear sense of duty as a soldier and his foresightedness during this war campaign earned him considerable respect and it was his performance during this war that earned him the position of an Army commander during the Revolutionary War2. John Adams had to this to say about Washington and his military prowess â€Å"I had no hesitation to declare that I had but one gentleman in my mind for that command and it was a gentleman from Virginia, who was among us and very well known to all of us; a gentleman, whose skill and experience as an officer, whose independent fortune, great talents and excellent universal character would command the approbation of all America, and unite the cordial exertions of all the colonies better than any other person in the Union†3. Washington’s Military Strengths 1. ... Since there was no escape route, Washington was forced to surrender. After that episode, he never again went to war and allowed his men to be entrapped in a position that was hard to escape from4. Washington was not only ready to learn from his own mistakes, he also gathered a lot of information from the mistakes of the attacking side. For instance, his side’s victory at Bunker Hill was made possible because Washington was able to tell the strategy that the British wanted to use. This happened because the British were not careful enough and were too arrogant to think that it would be impossible to loose to the Continental Army. It was one mistake that they were to pay dearly, by loosing the war and the colony5. 2. He was a Courageous and Daring Leader Washington was never afraid to face the opposing army no matter the situation. His use of the element of surprise gave the Continental Army several victories. For instance, in 1776, he attacked and completely overwhelmed an unsus pecting Hessian army at Trenton across the Delaware River. This was after the British had sworn to engage the American army in one big war that they had much confidence of winning. This surprise element caught the British completely by surprise and they were forced to retreat and spend the winter in far away New York. On the other hand, the Americans were able to take control of both Princeton and Trenton in New Jersey6. 3. He Chose Wisely Washington made sure that the people he surrounded himself with were of a character as good as his. Most of his chosen leaders in the army were men who were strong emotionally and physically. He chose only those men who were patriotic and not out in search of

Euthyphro (Platos Early Dialogues) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Euthyphro (Platos Early Dialogues) - Essay Example Does God call something right or moral because it is right or moral or does is something right or moral because God calls it moral? Therefore, if God calls an act moral because it is moral, then morality or goodness will be seen as priori to Gods Command and thus, it is independent of God. On the other hand, if an act is moral because God says it is moral or right, then it implies that whatever God says it is right (Hamilton and Cairns 37). In addition, this also implies that Gods command of what is moral is arbitrary since the same God could have willed contrary commands. The dialogue presents the challenge that was intended to make us think about the nature of morality. Therefore, when Socrates asks Euthyphro about his definition of the word piety, Euthyphro was required to identify the nature of virtue or morality by establishing on what ground does morality or virtue stand on. It is difficult for an atheist to discover the ground on which morality stands on because they claim tha t they can have ethics or morals without God. Certainly, an atheist can behave in a way that people perceive moral or good but it is really hard to define what the term ultimately means (Plato 10a). It may imply complying with objective standard of morality or good, a policy or law given by legitimate authority without involving a transcendent law maker-the gods. This means that there can be no transcendent law maker and no corresponding duty to be good. Most Christians oppose the argument that there is an arbitrary role of God’s power and rejects the idea that there is no law or policy over God. Then, where does morality stands? Morality can be said to be grounded in the divine and immutable character of God who is perfectly good in that his commands are not whims but planted in his holiness. Christians argue that any bad things that happen are not commanded by God because his character is that he is holy and merciful. For Christians, morality is rooted in God’s chara cter which expresses itself in the commands of God and it is not above him. In sum, whatever is good is always commanded by God not that it is good so that God commands it to be good (Cooper 41). Christians argue that God ultimately determines the pious or morality and that the commands of God are expression of his desires and will for what human beings ought to do. This is because such argument presents a metaphysical foundation of piety or morality. Human beings need to be committed to the existence of moral truths in order for them to live in accordance with the will of God. This means the existence of moral truths for people since they have moral obligation to obey what God commands. This is so because Christians believe that their moral obligation comes from God in form of commands. Thus, people ought to be moral because they are morally accountable to God in that those people who do not obey him will be punished and good people will receive rewards (Plato 10b). Plato’s dialogue regarding the nature of morality or goodness is still being raised even today as a challenge to Christianity in that many Christians ask themselves is an action or act good or right because God says it is right or does god say it is good or right because the act is right. The Euthyphro dilemma is traced in

Hermes watches-segmentation targeting and positioning Research Paper

Hermes watches-segmentation targeting and positioning - Research Paper Example Markets are made up of numerous segments. Consumers portray different preference, characteristics and buying behaviour. The varying mindset of consumers is determined by many market-based factors. Marketers refer to the heterogeneous market characterised by customer behaviour to divide markets into segments; a process referred to as market segmentation. Therefore, market segmentation can be defined as the division of market into homogenous groups of consumers, in reference to the variables reflected in the marketing mix (West, Ford and Ibrahim, 2006). Marketing strategies are determined by product, price, place, promotion, people, processes and physical evidence. The difference between customers belonging to different market segments is minute. Individual segments should be evaluated through reference to a targeted marketing mix. Market segmentation helps in taking care of the homogenous groups of buyers. The key variables used in segmenting the watch markets include demographic segm entation, geographic segmentation, psychological segmentation, and psychographic segmentation (Dibb and Simkin, 2001). Geographic segmentation involves dividing the market into geographic units such as neighbourhoods, cities, regions and counties. Geographical segmentation factor is crucial in the marketing of the luxurious Hermes watches as customers are located in distant locations. The most strategic location for the marketing stalls for Hermes watches is urban areas. The immense population density creates the required marketing potential. Geographical segmentation of customers will involve the consideration of factors such as region i.e. district, state and city; size of the area; population density that considers various segments depending on population size e.g. urban versus rural neighbourhoods; and climate that considers the weather of the segment. Involves evaluation of factors such as age e.g. the watches have been designed to

Qualifying Exam Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Qualifying Exam Theories - Essay Example International organizations backed by World Bank have been advocating poverty alleviation through economic policies that are international in nature but have the potential to influence national policies (Introduction to international relations: Social constructivism, 2012, p 170). There is an emerging ‘global anti-poverty agenda’ that has changed the rules the way people, government and other public organizations are tackling poverty (Noel, 2006). There are several theories that have emerged to explain and tackle poverty; however, all theories seem to agree upon the issue of tackling the problem as inherent and arising in the social structure, which is also seen to be the best solution seems (Altatis, 2012). Liberalism postulates freedom of thought and expression and opposes conservative and authoritarian views. It is a doctrine aimed at helping the outward welfare of men and does not take into account the inner welfare. It is concerned with the outward conduct of men. This doctrine recognizes that inner welfare cannot come from outward, materialistic possession. However, it posits equality of material possessions based on division of labor and individual capability to labor and materialistic possession. Outer well being as advocated by liberalism and its proponents is very much needed for man as it gives every individual a chance and the right to equal opportunity. This theory is based on equality of men in line with the natural law and law of enlightenment and demands equality of political and civil rights to all men. It is based on the assumption that differences between men are artificial and that all men are created equal, and hence need to be given equal rights (Mises, 2012). With equality under law, each individual will have the right and freedom to work to his capacity to be able to attain social equality. Although private ownership is said to create differences in terms of material possession, liberalism with its stress on materialistic

Immigration Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration Policy - Term Paper Example This paper seeks to analyze the changes in immigration policy in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. From essay written by Lars Von Torne, it is apparent that the Canadian immigrant policy was evolved and adopted in order to foster and support cultural diversity. The writer has discussed the Taylor-Bouchard Commission, which concentrates on dealing with the issues related to immigration and their integration. The main aim of this commission was to offer an open channel for public in order to introduce and develop new ideas to deal with the issues related to immigrants. Furthermore, the commission concentrated on dealing with "already simmering debate and turn it into a nationwide discussion which quickly spread all over Canada as well as holding a few very interesting lessons for Germany (Trne, 555)." In order to avoid such issues, Canada had developed and implemented immigration policy, which based on equality and differed from the U.S policy. The Canadian immigrant policy concentrated on protecting the identities of the immigrants. However, immigrants are still engaged in lower j obs even though they are highly qualified. From the research conducted by Derek Hum and Wayne Simpson, it was concluded that immigrants were most likely to receive less training as compared to their counterparts, who were born in Canada. ... From the research conducted by Derek Hum and Wayne Simpson, it was concluded that immigrants were most likely to receive less training as compared to their counterparts, who were born in Canada. They recommended that a policy should be directed towards the immigrants, which would concentrate on improving their accessibility to training. They also concluded that special provisions should be introduced for both male and female immigrants, in order to ensure that they both have equal access to training. An immigrant training policy concentrates on improving and changing the job conditions for immigrants. It concentrates on polishing their skills as well as it would help them to assimilate in the workplace. From the research paper of Reed, it is evident that certain organizations have employed temporary foreign worker programs as a method of regulation, which is preferred by the government. The Canadian government has adopted the policy of temporary worker programs in order to provide training to immigrant workers and to maintain the Canadian custom of acknowledging and accepting immigrants on basis of economic and monetary benefits (Reed, 471). The temporary program provides ample opportunities, depending on the condition of the Canadian market (Reed, 484). However, such programs have several negative impacts. It is responsible for giving rise to neocolonial association, which created partialities and inequalities among countries. It also creates a distinction in the labor market, in which the skill level is used to determine citizenship and labor rights. Three Perspectives Structural Functional Theory From the structural functionalism, the society is considered to be system. From this perspective, a society is divided into different groups, which are mutually

ELO Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ELO Reflection - Assignment Example Auto racing eliminates human interaction in competition and takes a certain amount of success or failure of the hands of competitors. Racers chasing the feeling of adrenaline that one gets only in a race car as they come close to replicating any medication or other human experience. This feeling is addictive and consume. All you think about is running, and if you are not on the track, everything you think you want to go to the race next time. The drivers love their racing cars and love to go fast more than anything else. And once you master a particular form of the race, you want to go even faster. But the faster you go, the more dangerous it can be. You know as the driver how the race can be dangerous? Absolutely. Family members know that it is dangerous? Yes, they do. They know that all can be lost on the track, their families, their jobs and their way of life, if something goes wrong? Of course they do. Every veteran racer has been in a serious accident. It is often the first serious accident that causes the rotor to reassess the situation. Not everyone comes back from this first serious accident, and it is com mon to see riders leave the drivers seat on total because of the insistence of family and friends. I got an opportunity to be a part of the thrill. I remember walking to the rear of the pit garages eventually three-quarters of the way through the race and triggered a latecomer mechanic. I asked him what it was like running with the circus sports, traveling the world in a race to the next. When I went, it was the last year of the (relatively small) V8, and as shelled cars in curves and deep breakthrough, deep in the ears is something that you do not much of what cars and fans are doing as much fun as the race itself is not possible to follow in person. Wind cars tearing eyes, your face pecks rubber patches, and the

How to Set Goals and Motivate Yourself to Actually Achieve Them Essay Example for Free

How to Set Goals and Motivate Yourself to Actually Achieve Them Essay While spending time thinking about the goal in my life, the only one answer coming up in my mind is to achieve success. But what exactly the word ‘success’ should be defined? Thinking considerably, there are at least two fundamental achievements in life that inspire people. One is to be rich, while another one is to be famous. Though these two words are somehow closely related if you think about the celebrities who are famous and rich at the same time, there are some others who only have high recognition but not rich, such as Mother Teresa who devoted her whole life doing charity for the poor. Therefore, the topic that I am really interested in is about whether to be rich or to be famous is the key word for success. However, I will approach the topic by saying that to be famous is the first priority in order to gain success. Because being famous and being rich are both signs leading to success, comparing its similarities is not that useful. Therefore, the style of this essay will be a contrast instead. What I expect from contrasting their difference is that the readers will realize being famous is the sustainable way to achieve success rather than being rich. In other words, money cannot be used to buy the fame. Though being rich is another sign of success, without being famous, one can be forgotten easily. On the other hand, being famous is eternally recognized by people. Even if they died, the world still praise and remind of their accomplishments. By standing on this opinion, people will not just look forward to making money, but will try themselves on inventing new things, creating beautiful arts, and doing whatever they are interested to become well-known by others and then succeed in their lives. The essay will convince the readers to believe that the key word to success should start from being famous and will prove that it is true by giving examples about people who were quite poor but famous and successful in their lives. The contrast topic will be controlled differently in each paragraph depending on famous area of those people. I plan to include three content paragraphs with three following people: Ghandi (Politics), Van Goh(Arts), and Mother Teresa(Religion). As a result, this essay is worthy to compose because it will be such a good lesson to teach children or even adults to understand the regular basis of being successful in life. Trying to be famous is the first step to achieve sustainable success.

Concepts of Internet Privacy

Concepts of Internet Privacy Cyberspace and Internet Privacy According to (Choucri Clark, 2013) in the journal of â€Å"Who controls cyberspace† describe a new field of human communication which focused on the Internet and the hundreds of millions of processors the Internet attaches, and the data or information that delivers has become a fundamental and vital feature of society. It forms a new reality for just about each person in the developed world and a rising number in the developing world. In general, few governments practice direct control towards the cyberspace. They can utilize excessive influence by their ability to influence other actors by using regulation, enactment, venture and standards. The actors representing the interests of copyright holders also can’t practice direct control over internet or cyberspace and they must work indirectly through other actors, in particular the Internet service providers or ISP. As the cyberspace as get to be more easy to understand, more individuals are intersection into the computerized separation and securing their advanced personalities. The word cyberspace was coined by the science fiction author William Gibson, a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts, a graphic representation of data extracted from the banks of every computer in the human system (Bryant, 2001). Gibsons the internet is accordingly not a space of passive information, for example, a library where its correspondence channels associate with this present reality, and permit the internet pilots to communicate with that world. The reference to computer science is imperative in a third admiration where artificial intelligence characterizes itself as a study of data and correspondence, and the internets substrate is definitely the joint system of all current correspondence stations and data s aves joining individuals and machines. Google is a capable, private segment on-screen character whose business is fundamentally focused on the Internet. Google has made an extensive variety of move, both direct and indirect, to utilize purposes of control to impact the character of the Internet. It has created another working framework for cell phones, Android, has created a program called Chrome, and gives YouTube, a standout amongst the most prevalent destinations on the Web. It has its own particular substance conveyance system with worldwide achieve and immediate association with numerous shopper confronting ISPs. In China, the state controls very nearly every choice point in the general methodology of the Internet structure and its key institutional underpinnings, and additionally any takeoffs from endorsed items or methodologies. China has developed a complex socio-technical structure to identify unsatisfactory substance and order its evacuation or change (Choucri and Clark, 2013, p. 27). On the other hand, privacy stresses human dignity and other critical values, for example, freedom of expression and flexibility of discourse. It has wind up being the most key human rights issues of the advanced age. The use of the Internet can affect the security benefits of an individual have in his or her identity or private data. Internet usage causes a huge amount of private information which offers impulses into ones character and identity. Protection as a system for arranging social relationship, especially in the middle of individuals and outside force foundations, has been described in distinctive ways. Privacy may be characterized as the case of people, groups or institutions to determine when, how and to what degree the data about them is conveyed to others (Westin, 1967). The idea of right to be left alone conveyed the conclusion of allow me to be alone to the freestanding, commonly to public and private institutions with ability and power. With the development of new technologies that increase and expand of the gatherers of individual data or information, there need to goings-on to arrange the people relationship with the external environment by providing the single person with control over information about themselves. As such, with the new characteristics of collaborating network media, the elements that are needed to ensure self- autonomy and self -governance also change. Therefore, the concept of privacy changes radically from maintaining passive liberty and freedom from external institutions intervention (Woo, 2006, p. 961). Today, privately owned companies are tracking the equivalent measure of our minutes as they can internet, offering that information or data to different companies who hence thus it to with law implementation and the organization. The equipment they use to do this tracking is developing rapidly and has been able to be particularly advanced, and individuals have unimportant shot of staying educated concerning what is happening when they surf, without taking into consideration making the complex steps imperative to stop this spying. In light of (Rodrigue, 2011) every individual has the right to freedom of expression which incorporates the right to talk, read, and interact, and which includes the right of individuals to use avoidance development and innovative apparatuses. Warren and Brandeis original paper on The Right to Privacy in 1980, drafted during a period when daily papers were printing pictures of individuals surprisingly, characterized the all right to be left alone. Their definition determined by an evolving advancement as is customarily the case with security was concerned with securing the untouched character and including such values as individual pride, specific fundamental toward oneself and opportunity. Freedom of expression, whether implemented by characters or by the media, and the ability to exercise it, is a necessary feature of any open, liberal and democratic society. It is only through practicing free expression that civilizations can sustain real democratic liability (Westin, 1967). In light of (Woo, 2006) a network client is regularly confronted with a decision between surrendering the profits and administrations of the site and giving at any rate a data, on the grounds that the utilization of numerous locales or administration is not permitted unless if different particular data is given out. System anonymity turns into a fundamental piece of keeping up the independence of system exercises. One of the main reasons for observing and monitoring internet users is to disallow violation of knowledgeable property right or to prevent cybercrime. Indeed some software holds secret connections to serves that allow them to pass along with numerous of information and data in regards to when customers utilize the product. Important to concerns of free speech and democracy, anonymity might stay the only way for regular individuals to defend themselves from governments and private sectors active use and profiling of their personal information in the networked environment. Un der the current conditions, the main path for system clients to be guaranteed a base measure of security on the web would be to hide their character or give a false data. Identity theft is one of the quickest developing unlawful acts or crimes. Consumers are getting to be progressively worried about data fraud, especially with the multiplication of e- commerce and banking online. Data fraud and misrepresentation might be a gigantic trouble on the exploited person, both fiscally and mentally. This profoundly ability character criminals use various methods in endeavors to get access to your private data. In a few cases they get data from formations or organizations by taking records, repaying workers who have entry to these records, hacking modernized records, or essentially conning data from representatives. There are other fake practices incorporate skimming and phishing

Over Population :: essays research papers

Over Population The world’s population is approximately 5.9 billion, and it is still growing. It has just about doubled in the past forty years. We are now faced with the issue of over population. The problem is very severe, and important. It is controversial how many people this planet can hold. Some are arguing that we have plenty of room, and we could fit everyone on the state of Alaska, if we just put 10,000 people on each square mile. Alaska only makes up about one percent of the earth’s land mass. Other people argue that we need land to grow and supply all the resources we need, and we do not have enough for everybody. Either way the issue is looked at though, many people are being deprived of food, shelter and clothing because of the excess of people. Many countries are reducing their population by family planning. Family planning tries to promote the idea of using some sort of birth control such as condoms, the pill, sterilization, IUDs, or some other method. Over the past three decades, the global percentage of couples using some form of family planning has increased dramatically. It has changed from less than 10, to more than 50 percent. The amount of people who use family planning would increase if everyone had easy accessibility to it. In some rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, it takes an average of two hours to reach the nearest contraceptive provider. Often, people cannot even afford some type of birth control. Also, many governments ban or restrict important methods of contraception. Japan, for instance, discourages the use of birth control pills over the condom. Also, 60 countries require a husband’s consent for all forms of birth control. Even though there are some conflicts with it, I think family planning seems like the best to solve the world’s over population problem. China’s one child policy is generally denounced by a majority of world nations. Many countries feel that it is not right to restrict the number of children a person can have. They believe it is a person’s freedom to choose how many kids they want. China hopes for their fertility rate to be 1 child per woman instead of the 1.85 rate they currently have. Even though China’s policy is very controversial, China thinks this is what they need to do in order for their population growth to drop.

MMX Technology :: essays research papers fc

MMX TM Technology The MMX TM Technology extension to the Intel Architecture is designed to accelerate multimedia and communications software running on Intel Architecture processors (Peleg and Weiser). The technology introduces new data types and instructions that implement a SIMD architecture model and is defined in a way that maintains full compatibility with all existing Intel Architecture processors, operating systems, and applications. MMX technology on average delivers 1.5 to 2 times performance gains for multimedia and communications applications in comparison to running on the same processor but without using MMX technology. This extension is the most significant addition to the Intel Architecture since the Intel I386 and will be implemented on proliferation of the Pentium processor family and also appear on future Intel Architecture processors. The media extensions for the Intel Architecture (IA) were designed to enhance performance of advanced media and communication applications. The MMXâ„ ¢ technology provides a new level of performance to computer platforms by adding new instructions and defining new 64-bit data types, while preserving compatibility with software and operating systems developed for the Intel Architecture. The MMX technology introduces new general-purpose instructions. These instructions operate in parallel on multiple data elements packed into 64-bit quantities. They perform arithmetic and logical operations on the different data types. These instructions accelerate the performance of applications with compute-intensive algorithms that perform localized, recurring operations on small native data. This includes applications such as motion video, combined graphics with video, image processing, audio synthesis, speech synthesis and compression, telephony, video conferencing, 2D graphics, and 3D graphics The MMX instruction set has a simple and flexible software model with no new mode or operating-system visible state. The MMX instruction set is fully compatible with all Intel Architecture microprocessors. All existing software continues to run correctly, without modification, on microprocessors that incorporate the MMX technology, as well as in the presence of existing and new applications that incorporate this technology. MMX technology provides the following new features, while maintaining backward compatibility with all existing Intel Architecture microprocessors, IA applications, and operating systems; New data types, eight MMX registers, enhanced instruction set. The performance of applications which use these new features of MMX technology can be exchanged. The principal data type of the IA MMX technology is the packed fixed-point integer. The decimal point of the fixed-point values is implicit and is left for the user to control for maximum flexibility.

Essay --

Ryan Brown Film and Novel 12/10/13 Essay 2 In the novels A Clockwise Orange by Anthony Burgess and Misery by Stephen King, they both express what is portrayed to be socially right and what is socially wrong. In A Clockwise Orange, the novel is taking place in a futuristic London. Alex Delarge is the leader of a gang that they call the â€Å"Droogs†. After a night of drugs and intoxication they engage in violence by fighting a rival gang and stealing a car to travel to the home of a writer F. Alexander where they nearly killed him. After beating Mr. Alexander’s nearly to death he rapes his wife while singing. In Misery, there is a famous novelist named Paul Sheldon who is the author of a successful series of novels that features a character named Misery Chastain. Paul has decided to focus his mind on more serious novels and writes a new manuscript for an unrelated novel. Paul is later caught in a blizzard while driving home to New York City and his car goes off the road. His number one fan Annie Wilkes rescues hi m and she brings him to her house in a remote location where she attempts to take care of him. Both of these well-known novels and their respected films portray what is deemed to be socially right vs. socially wrong. In the film A Clockwise Orange, Alex is an avid drug user and also an avid drinker that causes his to lash out at the littlest things that set him off. He does things that the normal human being would consider to be crazy or socially wrong. After a night of nearly killing Mr. Alexander and raping his wife the following day he is out as if nothing had ever happened and he is warned by his probation officer to keep a low profile. That night he visits a store where he picks up two girls and brings them home with ... ...m. This was the first time it was evident that she was acting socially wrong and was trying to keep him from leaving. For the rest of the book she shows small signs of going back to being socially right but is mostly acting socially wrong because of the way she is treating Paul and keeping him held captive. In the novel A Clockwise Orange and Misery, they both have characters that are seen as what we consider socially right and socially wrong. These two characters show how they are both socially right and socially wrong. The two characters from their respected books start opposite of eachother. In A Clockwise Orange, Ales goes from socially wrong to socially right. While in Misery, Annie starts off as socially right and turns to socially wrong. Both of these novels compare and give examples of what is socially right and socially wrong to our everyday standards.

The Law Making Process in Congress

In USA the political arena is dominated by two political parties namely the Democrats and the Republicans. Each of the two parties has significant bearing in the governance of US. In them are bred the presidential candidates. When the president wins the elections, it is either because of the Democrats party or because of the Republicans party. What the party does is offering the technical and financial support during the presidential campaigns in form of fund-raising and organizing of the campaign activities (Bacevich, 2009)Out of them will also be born the law makers since they act as a vehicle in which the politicians travel into the senate or the house to make laws. The governments at the city, provincial and national levels are composed by members of law makers who emanate from the political parties. Upon getting into their offices the leaders who were elected from the political parties in US are taken to the noble task of setting up the government strategic plans they will then form judicial system in the government to oversee the constitutional matters including the legal matters as well.It is the also the role of the political parties to furnish the congress with the senators whose hands the public bills pass for approval as laws. The senators can kill the bill or approve it and leave it for presidential decision. The ministers, supervisors and financiers in public offices come from these political parties. The government departments that play pivotal role in the US make up the ministries which are spearheaded by the ministers and supervisors. They therefore have great influence here. (Beard, 1920)Consequently, in the event of enforcing their mandate in the law making process, the individual politicians earn a great deal of benefits. When they see a potential gain in a particular bill to be enacted, they have nothing but to bulldoze it through the obstacles into being a law. When the bill will potentially take something from them, they suppress and kill it. If defeated, they weaken it with amendments (Schmidt ,2008). Besides, as a way of assuring their constituents of their worthy action in the house or senate, they introduce the public bills quite often.By so doing they win the favor of the public and build good grounds for the next election. The Law making process in Congress What gets into the congress as a bill meets a set of steps set to try it out and validate it as a law. These trials mainly done by the law makers in the Senate or the House, sometimes with inclusion of the public or the lobbyists. The steps they subject the bill to makes a total of nine, along which the fate of whether the bill will make it to be a law will be judged.Each step is almost a roadblock to the bill and in most cases, the bill that makes it to a law does so having been distorted through amendments (Hamilton, 2004). The first step introduces the bill into the house or the senate as a new number, denoted as ‘HR’ if introduced to the hou se or ‘S’ if to the senate. Here, the number and the influential ability of the senators introducing the bill have a bearing on its fate. The second step subjects the bill to a blazing fire of a committee which in turn toughens its influence on the bill by assigning it to yet another fire of Sub committee that it selects.If the bill survives death in the hands of the Sub committee, it gets to the committee level. If it survives the second time, it gets approved into the full chamber in the congress. The survival of the bill is owed to the kind of committee spearheading its approval. It could be friendly or not (Schmidt et. al, 2008). The bill then has to secure a place in the agenda for discussion in the House. Placing it on the agenda is the work of Rules Committee drawn from the senior members of each party.As in the name, they give the bill the rule or procedure with which it can be discussed. The bill then proceeds to the fourth step in the full chamber where all th e senators throw in cards in the process of making the amendments in the bill. The participation in this is however restricted depending on whether the bill goes through the open rule or the closed rule. The source of the rule dictates this. In the former any legislator in the house can amend while in the latter the committee member reporting it makes the amendment.Then it enters the 5th step in the senate where, like in the House of Representatives has to go through the same committees with the exception of the rules committee. The passage through this takes it to the floor of the senate where it can be discussed by the full chamber. This step through the other chamber is calling since it can kill the bill if the senators chose to take longer time in discussing it. The bill then gets to the conference committee which harmonizes its form at the house and at the senate to come up with the form that can be accepted by the president.Then it gets into further refinery at the congress by both chambers for acceptance changes or rejection. The accepted bill is sent to the president who will approve, veto or do nothing. The veto may be overridden by two thirds voting from each chamber of congress. The functions and powers of the president The functions of the US president lie within his execution of powers that he has. Being the head of state, he is considered the commander in chief of the armed forces. This mainly gives him a better hand in commanding the defense of the state from external attacks.He also basks in the glory of forgiving federal criminals especially during public functions. He is the one whose call is heard by the congress when there is need for a special session. During the national functions and the international meetings, the president speaks on behalf of the nation, receive ambassadors from other nations. When the US laws have been passed in the house, it is the duty of the president to ensure that they are enforced. The work of appointing officia ls within the executive arm of the government as well as judges in the judicial arm is also a reserve for the president.It is him who is responsible for signing agreements with other nations. In the senate, the president will be the final man to approve the law. Therein, he can sign it, veto it or do nothing to it. This has great implication on the bills. With all these many responsibilities, the nation grants him powers accordingly. In his executive position, he is the man with the power to enforce the law, to make appointments in the executive branch and the senate, to remove officers, to enjoy executive privileges besides commanding the armed forces (Schmidt et. l, 2008).In the legislature, he influence a lot in the law making process, either in calling for meeting or approving laws. The judiciary gives him the powers of appointing the judges and pardoning criminals who have been judged. The president can declare the state of emergency if he sees the government is in a pending da nger. President is one with the power in ensuring the financial stability of the country in addition to maintaining good relationship with foreign nations (Forman, 2008).

Jazz Music between World Wars Essay

The jazz craze in music during the 1920s reflected a general spirit of the times for many commentators like Seldes that this decade became known as the Jazz Age. Following World War I, jazz music certainly captured the popular imagination. The rapid popularity of jazz music led to its equally rapid spread among musicians. No other style up to this time in American popular music so quickly came to dominate popular performance. The American vernacular, which had already made significant inroads into the commercial popular music market, had captured popular tastes at an unprecedented level, seemingly sweeping aside the old â€Å"standards. † And just as ragtime and syncopated dance music became part of earlier commercial popular music, the dominance of jazz in the 1920s also represented a major triumph of the black vernacular in American popular music. The jazz craze began through the influence of non-professional musicians. While still marginal to most legitimate venues, non-professional musicians performing the jazz vernacular were attracting audiences to clubs, theaters, restaurants, and were popular in the speakeasies of the 1920s. They also had opportunities for their music to reach a broader audience in a booming record market following World War I. Professional musicians, however, quickly adopted jazz music in their orchestras and smaller bands. They co-opted the jazz fever while simultaneously distancing themselves from non-professionals. (Charters, 39-43) By occupying the most lucrative jobs in theaters, dance halls, hotels, and other venues, professional musicians positioned themselves as the premier interpreters of this new vernacular idiom in commercial popular music. The common defense of jazz as good music during the Jazz Age embraced the professional musicians and professional composers who performed and created jazz music, not the non-professional musicians who first introduced it. In adopting jazz idioms, professional musicians were simply continuing the process of cultivating the American vernacular. Black professional musicians were already adopting black vernacular idioms in their music making in earlier syncopated society orchestras and simply adopted jazz idioms as well as the name in their â€Å"jazz† orchestras. (Bushell, 72-75) White professional musicians had performed rags as part of their repertoire in the past, but with the jazz craze, many were quick to adopt syncopated dance and jazz practices in some form as the defining style of their profession. White professional musicians also quickly followed black professional musicians in transforming their bands into jazz orchestras, and just as quickly claimed to be the modern proponents of this new American popular music. Black and white professional jazz orchestras in the 1920s established the basic instrumentation, arrangement, and techniques of the big band dance orchestras that dominated American popular music until the 1950s. In the 1920s, an emerging new ideal of good music involved a balancing of the previous cultivated practices and cultivated music of professional musicians with popular vernacular idioms. The proper balance, however, was hotly debated. Professional musicians would constantly distance themselves from the pure vernacular of non-professional musicians. In defending their balance of the cultivated and the vernacular in popular performance, popular tastes, however, were demanding jazz music and a professional musician would be remiss to ignore his patrons in the popular music market as much as stodgy critics and some professional musicians would rail against the pernicious influence of jazz. Professional musicians in mediating the popular music market had to continue to navigate the moral, aesthetic, class, and racial construction of good music in America. While popular tastes in musical entertainment promoted the black vernacular in commercial popular music, the plight of the African American community in the United States continued to be dire. Some leaders in the black community had hoped that African Americans’ participation during World War I in both the military and in industry, and the Great Migration out of the Jim Crow South, would change their fortunes as segregated and oppressed second class citizens. The post-war years, however, dashed most hopes of any immediate positive change. (DeVeaux, 6-29) Race relations went in the opposite direction. Race riots sprung up across the nation while lynching continued to be a regular occurrence. Efforts continued to secure the legal segregation of black communities, and the labor movement continued to exclude blacks. The Ku Klux Klan reached its peak membership and popularity during the 1920s. The segregation and denigration of the black community was also reflected in the social organization of American music. (Hansen, 493-97) Besides the segregation of audiences and most venues, black professional musicians also remained outside the artistic community of white professional musicians in terms of unions, band organizations, and this community’s vision of a professional class of artist in America. The balance of the cultivated and the vernacular among professional musicians also continued to run against elitist conceptions of popular music and popular musicians as less legitimate than the music, musicians, and composers of the European cultivated tradition of classical and opera music. Black professional musicians also continued to strive to break through the barriers erected against them in the world of European cultivated music. This continuing tension in the implied lower status of professional musicians who performed American popular music erupted during the Jazz Age into an open rebellion against the European cultivated tradition. Professional musicians in jazz orchestras attempted to counter the singular role claimed by the European cultivated tradition. These musicians asserted that jazz was a true American or African American school of fine art music in contrast to cultivated European music – a populist appeal for high art legitimacy. This high art turn in American popular music, however, ultimately failed when the depression wreaked havoc on the popular music market. With the introduction of a new popular music market of live performances, records, broadcasts, and films, the quest for legitimacy among professional popular musicians would have to take another route. It was a period where professional popular musicians in adopting the jazz vernacular went against the reigning cultural hierarchy in America. (Peretti, 234-40) The period following World War I was a crucial turning point in American popular music. The American vernacular in general was storming the ramparts of the old edifice of good music as Tin Pan Alley song and dance dominated popular performance. Both professional and nonprofessional musicians also were benefiting from more affluent times and the growing importance of entertainment in the lives of most urban Americans. To the chagrin of elite and moral defenders of nineteenth century cultural idealism, most urban Americans were readily joining a Cultural Revolution in commercial popular entertainment. And at the center of this revolution was the national craze for jazz music and jazz dance. The jazz craze made syncopated rhythms and other black vernacular idioms central elements of American popular music making. While many small jazz bands performed a black vernacular style of music from the Delta Region of New Orleans, jazz music in the 1920s encompassed not only this style but syncopated dance music, blues music, piano rags, and virtually any tune jazzed up by musicians. The jazz craze in essence was the craze for the black vernacular among popular audiences and the performance of this vernacular in some form by popular musicians and popular singers both professional and non-professional. The extent to which musicians and singers actually adopted the black vernacular rather than a superficial imitation – critique later jazz critics would make of certain sweet jazz during the 1920s – is less important than the fact that jazz entered the consciousness of the nation and musicians as the reigning popular music. The word Jazz seems to have found a permanent place in the vocabulary of popular music. It was used originally as an adjective describing a band that in playing for dancing were so infected with their own rhythm that they themselves executed as much, if not more, contortions than the dancers. The popularity of the raggy music has created a demand for music with exaggerated syncopation, an attempt as it were to produce the wonderful broken rhythms of the primitive African jungle orchestra. The jazz craze also coincided with the growth of black entertainment. During the 1920s, black entertainment districts like the South Side in Chicago and Harlem in New York City witnessed a major boom. Besides entertaining the large black populations of The Great Migration, black musicians and singers were entertaining white audiences who went uptown for their entertainment. The boom in the 1920s in black entertainment, as Kenny (1993, 89-92) and Shaw (1987, 122-30) show, was driven by the demand for the black vernacular. In musical theater, musical revues, vaudeville, dance, and speakeasies, the black vernacular and black artists were in demand. This demand was met not only in black entertainment districts, but also outside these districts as black artists performed for white audiences in musical revues, dance halls, and clubs in white entertainment districts. The popularity of the black vernacular also increased when record producers discovered a race market in black music. Most members of the New England School of cultivated music like Mason, and other defenders of the old ideal of good music, were stridently against the influence of jazz in both popular music and classical music. Repeating the moral, aesthetic, class, and racial epithets used to condemn the popularization of vernacular jazz, the guardians of the old ideal ridiculed any idea of jazz meriting the status of high art or even having an influence on serious music composition and performance. As David Stanley Smith, Professor of Music at Yale University, argued in The Musician of August 1926, jazz music’s â€Å"monotonous rhythm, as unvaried as the chug-chug of a steam engine, enslaves its practitioners within a formula, and induces in composer, performer, and listener a stupor of mind and emotion. † On the other hand, many of those individuals who embraced â€Å"modernism† in cultivated music were sympathetic to jazz music. These modernists emphasized jazz as the legitimate expression of the times and a nation. (Stewart, 102-109) The debate within the cultivated tradition between old idealists and modernists on the influence of jazz revolved mainly around the influence of popular jazz on serious music composition and performance. That the question would be posed in such a manner spoke to how, by the 1920s, the European cultivated tradition had organizationally and ideologically broken from the world of commercial popular music. Crossover between popular music and cultivated music occurred during the 1920s, but organizational and ideological barriers left little chance that jazz musicians would transform the cultivated tradition. The very formation of a separate world of cultivated music in the United States was predicated on its distinction from commercial popular music, popular musicians, and popular tastes – a distinction further exacerbated by jazz music being an expression of the black vernacular. The influence of jazz within the cultivated tradition, however, was debated during the 1920s as professional musicians laid claim to a truly American art form and modernists promoted the incorporation of jazz in serious music composition and performance. (Badger, 48-67) Traditionalists, of course, had reason to be optimistic as the economic depression following the 1929 stock market crash wreaked havoc on the commercial market of popular jazz music. Defenders of the European cultivated tradition also had reason to celebrate as the confident proclamations of professional musicians on jazz as America’s first authentic art receded to the background as these musicians adjusted to changed economic circumstances and a new popular music market. Professional musicians’ struggle for legitimacy during the Jazz Age, however, laid the ideological and musical foundation upon which the next generation of professional musicians would construct a modern jazz paradigm. In their quest for legitimacy as professional artists, they were the first popular artists to attempt to transform the moral, aesthetic, class, and racial constructions of the old ideal of good music in America. While their efforts contained their own complicity in manners of distinction, the contradictions of an elite populism embedded in a racist culture, they did struggle to create an alternative understanding of art and society in America. As the self-appointed mediators of the American vernacular, professional musicians and composers ardently worked to construct an alternative form of good music to that of the European cultivated music tradition – a music reflecting in some fashion the world of popular audiences and popular tastes. ( DeVeaux, 525-40) In this process of syncretism, the reinvention and reinterpretation of musical idioms and practices, these artists created the American big band dance orchestra and the Tin Pan Alley song that dominated American popular music until the middle of the twentieth century. While jazz did not become a universally recognized American high art form during the Jazz Age, professional musicians and composers transformed it into legitimate popular art music, although at the expense of those non-professional vernacular musicians who did not assimilate into their profession. The need for professional musicians to legitimate popular dance orchestras disappeared after the 1920s, and the old ideal of good music no longer occupied this professional class of musician. (Gioia, 213-20) The emergence of an alternative ideal of good music among professional musicians signaled a final separation between popular music making and the cultivated tradition in American music. This break was both ideological and practical; a reflection of both a new professional ethos among professional musicians and the culmination of the division in the social organization of American music between the world of popular music and the world of European cultivated music. (Lopes, 25-36) The previous crisscrossing professionally between the cultivated tradition and popular music making was no longer part of this profession. The future big band leaders and musicians of the Swing Era began their professional careers not in symphonies, but in the small jazz ensembles and jazz orchestras of the Jazz Age. The fate of jazz was seemed threatened by the power over popular music of a new mass media industry of broadcasts, recordings, and film. Just when the fortunes of jazz seemed dead and buried, however, the swing craze reignited popular interest in the cultivated jazz vernacular. (Hennessey, 156-60) The promotion of sweet music and the subsequent swing craze, however, set in motion a new distinction within the profession of musician. No longer than singularly obsessed with the world of European cultivated music, professional musicians who assimilated the black jazz vernacular now viewed sweet music as their more direct nemesis. The race and class boundaries articulated in the old ideal of good music were now articulated more directly for professional musicians in the distinction between the popular music cultures of sweet and swing.

Analysis of Film Poster for “The Matrix”

From a distance the first thing that would be noticed by a passing audience would be the title of the poster. It would catch the viewer's eye with its striking green colouration and large bold font. Its central position in the poster would draw the audience's attention and bring them closer so they can pick out the smaller information, which in turn would lead to the desire to see the film or not. The use of the upper case makes the title stand out from the rest of the poster and would act as the focal point of the advertisement. The type of font used in this case sharp and modern, would denote the genre of the movie, which again would influence the people and pick out a specific target audience. Director: The directors name on my poster is situated above the title, so presumably would be the next thing the viewer would focus upon. A famous, well-established director such as Spielberg would sell a film by reputation alone. Their previous films using various genre would appeal to a target audience that wouldn't have normally seen the film. Their success widens the target audience and draws in people outside the specified genre, making more money for the producer's etc. Images: Images are probably the most important element of most types of advertisement. The use of images gives a more interesting and less boring way of getting the same message across that text would. Also because people are more susceptible to images and remember them easier, designers use this to inform and sell films by incorporating pictures into the poster. The type of imagery used again highlights a target audience, using their likes and dislikes, to create a demand for the film and make them want to watch it. The fact that my only form of imagery is in text and the use of numbers was done purposely, as I chose to integrate the main theme of the film, which is computers and science fiction, by using what could be described as ‘computer language'. The mystery invoked by this type of imagery would entice viewers into watching the film to understand the relevance of it because they are only given small pieces of information. Also the fact that the images can only really be read from close proximity, would mean that people would have to move closer to see, meaning they have to study the poster harder, which would lead to more information being processed, meaning they will have a better understanding of the movie. Actors/Actresses: The actors and actresses are important in widening the target audience further, their past roles and performances in movies will influence people into viewing the film. Most designers would use the upper case letters to advertise the cast as it stands out and would be more noticeable, they would use a contrasting colour from the back ground and they would position the most famous star on the left of the poster as viewers read from left to right. In my poster Keanu Reeves is the first name to appear on the poster, as he is the most famous. It is important to select cast that will appeal to as wide a target audience as possible, with Reeves and Moss, it does just that. They are both younger actors that would appeal to both sexes with their looks and sexual allure. People relate to stars, they either want to be with them or want to be them. Laurence Fishbourne, however, would attract the older viewers, as he is an older more classical actor, people wouldn't necessarily want to be him or be with him, they would more likely admire him for his acting ability. Critic's Quote: The critic's quote is a significant part in the layout of a film poster as it gives the reader a supposedly unbiast opinion of the film. The critic's quote is filled with hyperbolic language and positive words that would make the movie out to be the best film ever. This would help sell the film as no one would want to see a movie that was given a bad review because people are influenced by success. In my quote I used upper case letters within the sentence because it adds to the hyperbole and it highlights the positive words in the quote. The fact that it is directly under the cast's names was done so that they would read the quote after the cast and work their way down the poster, building an opinion about the film and its view-ability. Who actually gave the quote is important too, as their success as a movie magazine, newspaper etc, would promote the movie and would again target a specific audience, in my case using Empire magazine, a ‘movie buff' type of person. Because the average consumer doesn't really know much about movies, the fact that they are being told by an ‘expert', will influence their decision to pay their money to see the film. Certificate: By putting an age limit on the film you pick out a certain target audience. With having such a certificate as 15 advertised on the poster, you appeal to a younger audience with a ‘disposable income', mainly students and adults that don't have families or money that is spoken for. A certificate is there to give the viewers a rough guess as to its violence content, the language used and to what sort of extent the film has sexually explicit scenes in it. Although by putting an age limit on the movie, it doesn't stop younger or older audience attending. Producers: This element of the film poster can be both beneficial and detrimental to its success as a film poster. By using a producer's quote you attract a target audience by association, people who have seen earlier films will make the connection with its success or with its failure. This is potentially where this piece of information can be harmful. If the viewers make the link with a prior films achievements, this can help with the advertised films selling capability. However, if people make a negative link with the previous film they are less likely to watch it, as they will be put off by the last films performance. Conclusion: Altogether I feel my poster works reasonably well, I think it uses most of the key elements that a film poster has to possess in order to inform and to sell the movie to the public. The colouration is eye catching and modern and I feel I incorporated the main theme and essential taster of the movie within it. However if I was to repeat the exercise again I would change, improve and add a few things. I would have more than one critic's quote to broaden the target audience even further, this would be achieved by maybe having a well known newspaper write a review on it, making the film review be seen by a whole range of people, as more buy newspapers than movie magazines. I would also choose to have an actual image included in the poster, as the text that is the imagery in my poster may not be as memorable as pictures may be. To show the public of this movie's success I would probably decide to have the awards, Oscars etc that the movie had won or been nominated for, as this would attract an audience that wouldn't have normally bothered.

Reaction to word crimes

Through the use of social medias and testing, some of the youth and young adults of today have developed a type of laziness when It comes to simple spelling, as well as, grammatical mistakes. Surprisingly, these mistakes have become so common that they have been accepted as the standard. After watching the â€Å"Weird AY† Wantonly video one point was made very clear, that the target audience Is the youth of modern society. This is shown through his use of humor and illustration of modern social media and the poor habits that the youth of today posses.Weird AY† brings up some common grammatical misconceptions that have, unfortunately, become very common throughout society. One example of this is when he talks about the confusion people have with the difference between the use of less and the use of fewer. Through his use of illustration, it is conveyed how less is to be used when referring to a measurable amount, and fewer is to be used in reference to a number of items. AY also elaborates to the audience that the words â€Å"be, see, are, and you† shouldn't be written as single letters and the laziness that goes along with writing those words as single letters Is despicable.Through his song † Word Crimes,† AY projects his view on the literary repose of the modern cyber based society that is the world today. The often use of humor and criticism helps to teach the audience the proper use of grammar and spelling ,as well as, shed light on the ignorance of the English language that some of the youth and early adults of today posses. His use of humor is a very good tool to convey his point and view on the topic of awful English habits that have become apparently more common across society youth and makes his song all the more useful in his favor.

Grievance and ways of applying discipline in an organisation Essay

Grievance and ways of applying discipline in an organisation - Essay Example s aimed at suggesting better practices on the application of discipline procedures as well as recommending changes in organizational policies and services in order to avoid tribunal and costs caused by inconvenient adjournments. It will also examine the nature and explain the place of grievance and discipline as well as reviewing their effects on employment and how authority responds to the same. The frame work of organization justice in business is also to be examined in respect to grievance and discipline procedures. The study will also investigate what would be considered good practice to ensure legal compliance in applying discipline procedure in the workplace which would see to the reduction of the prospects to tribunal and court costs, avoid the possibilities of employees having to pay other party’s costs, avoid the worry and costs associated with appeal hearings. The study will lastly recommend the ways that will consequently improve employees’ morale and motivat ion to perform better. According to Peterson (2007), A study on the fairness at work was carried out in 2004, where different employees from different organizations in the UK were given questionnaires with their ages, occupation, gender, religion, nationality, and marital status, which was aimed at providing information on how comfortable employees felt with the way disciplinary and grievances affairs were tackled in their different workplaces. The information was to later assist the Government in the formation of the Statutory Grievance and Disciplinary Procedures for workplaces to hold formal grievance and disciplinary procedures, at which employees would be entitled to fair representation in disciplinary and grievance related matters by either a work colleague or a trade union representative. The survey found out that the compliance with the employees’ right to such representation in an employment tribunal was patchy and uneven with little evidence to suggest that rates of disciplinary

Assesment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assesment - Essay Example build relationships based on mutual trust and confidence so that problems are identified and solved efficiently and workplace conflicts, if any, are amicably resolved. The work responsibilities are shared and follow structured techniques that give each team members gets equal opportunity to exploit his potential. (134) I am well versed in using information technology to enhance the performance and keep up with the advancing technology to provide competitive edge. Use of various computer programs like spreadsheet, database and word processing packages have greatly facilitated in creating database of information for effective analysis. Indeed, raising development fund and creating investment concept that have been an integral part of my work, had become easy because of the computer technology. The financial strategy and plans have involved conducting of efficient, accurate and meaningful analysis, including Capex and Opex analysis, benchmark analysis, financial analysis and investment plans to meet the demands for the various projects and assignments. I have been involved in creating effective and innovative financial planning to manage the organization’s long term and short term financial perspectives. (129) The leadership traits have been important part of my work curricula where changing roles of leadership have become intrinsic to the organizational goals and objectives. I have had to deliver the results within the tight schedules and therefore setting priorities had become important ingredients of the work model. Realizing that the role of leaders, managers and the administrators of the organizations become more challenging when new strategy and policy decisions are introduced in the organizations, the onus had often fallen on my shoulders to ensure effective feedback through participatory approach and helps solve the problems and workplace conflicts amicably. This was a key factor for promoting better understanding among the employees for easy adaptability

Reserch Paper on Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reserch Paper on Abortion - Essay Example â€Å"The question which we must answer in order to produce a satisfactory solution to the problem of the moral status of abortion is this: How are we to define the moral community, the set of beings with full and equal moral rights, such that we can decide whether a human fetus is a member of this community or not? What sort of entity, exactly, has the inalienable rights† (Warren, 1996). This report will look at this and other arguments around the general issue of abortion, providing answers to these questions and also posing new questions through the process of intensive research. In terms of Western philosophy, abortion has historically been a social issue that was mixed up with the time at which a fetus is said to gain a soul or become a human. Issues of morality were less important to these thinkers in terms of aborting a fetus that was seen not to yet have acquired a soul, which was seen to take form anywhere, by time, after four months post-conception. Therefore, American law, having a Western precedent in terms of philosophical and social maintenance of ideals in its beginnings, adopted this neutral morality in its own policies involving abortion, which was not the subject of penalty under early American law. In thinking of the psychology of morality in a political sphere, it is interesting to think of morality at the same time appearing in a social-scientific sphere of psychology, in terms of past and present ideals. It is the purpose of a psychological and social perspective to discuss these ideals in terms of a polarized national debate about abortio n, asking vital questions: â€Å"Is it better to be born as the result of a pregnancy that at least one parent intended or one that neither parent intended? If intentions diverge, do infants whose conception was intended by their mother fare better than those whose conception was intended by their father?† (Korenman, 2002). One must think of the serious social and psychological toll of unintended

The Bill of Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Bill of Rights - Research Paper Example Origins of Bill of Rights Delegates from thirteen new American states drafted the Constitution in 1787 (U.S. Department of State). It provided the â€Å"blueprint† on the structure and functions of the government, but lacked a specific outline of human rights (Department of State). Virginia delegate George Mason stressed in one of his writings: â€Å"The Eyes of the United States are turned upon this Assembly and their Expectations raised to a very anxious Degree† (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration [NARA]). Mason wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights that inspired Thomas Jefferson in preparing the Declaration of Independence. Mason left the convention very dissatisfied, because it lacked a declaration of rights (NARA). Soon, George Mason's opinions affected the assembly and a heated discussion on the Bill of Rights began. When James Madison first wrote the amendments to the Constitution, which constituted the Bill of Rights, he depended a great deal o n the Virginia Declaration of Rights. The Bill of Rights represents the authoritative statement of many American of values: â€Å"the idea that the individual is prior to and takes precedence over any government† (NARA; Zinn).

Early Intervention for the Child with Autism Essay

Early Intervention for the Child with Autism - Essay Example Being a well informed and an emotionally strong parent could go a long way in ameliorating the child with Autism. Many a times parents tend to evince a lot of worry when they learn that their child has Autism. This is because they know that their child faces specific challenges and may find it difficult to socially integrate and engage in learning, if not rendered a timely professional help and assistance. Certainly, it is natural to do so. However, Early Intervention could play a decisive role in the case of children with Autism. With the help and aid of Early Intervention, parents of children with Autism could relieve themselves of much indecisiveness and confusion. The very recognition of the fact that it is possible to help an autistic child in a professional manner that could help one deal with one’s problems in an effective way is in itself much relieving and hope giving. Hence, Early Intervention is vital for children with Autism, especially in the first few years of th eir life. Early Intervention not only facilitates the salient tools required to diagnose a child in the Autism Spectrum, but also plays a crucial role in facilitating the children with the requisite help and services that go a long way in helping them develop the necessary development skills (Ross & Jolly 159). It goes without saying that early intervention also divests the parents of children having autism of much stress and tension. It is a fact that autistic children tend to face some problems in life that are not faced by other children. Precisely speaking, the autistic children happen to face difficulties in three main areas of life that are issues associated with social interaction, the affiliated communication related difficulties and difficulties associated with the capacity for imagination. Autistic children do many a time find it difficult to learn to speak or to be able to carry on and sustain a conversation (Szatmari 138). Autistic children also find to difficult to shar e their feelings with others and in understanding the varied other aspects of social interaction like body language (Szatmari 138). Though many autistic children do evince a capacity to grasp facts and figures, yet when it comes to topics like politics and religion associated with complex ideas and language, they may find it difficult to grasp such issues (Szatmari 37). One other thing that has been seen in autistic children is that they evince an affiliation to a very narrow range of activities with which they engage in a repetitive manner (Szatmari 37). For instance they may develop a strong interest in a limited and narrow range of activities, may happen to be quiet inflexible in the matter of preferred activities and interests and may exhibit body movements that are repetitive. If not helped through early intervention, the autistic children may have to face secondary issues like behavioral problems that may pose multiple challenges, sensory problems, mental health issues, and sl eep disorders (Szatmari 38). Thereby the main challenge faced by the parents and care givers of autistic children is to help them integrate in the society in a balanced and meaningful way. Therefore, much success depends as to how early an autistic child is subjected to intervention. Thereby early intervention could play a decisive role in enabling an autistic child to deal with the social, mental and communication issues faced by one. Hence, it is really important for the parents to know as to what is Early

Individual reflective report on business plan Essay

Individual reflective report on business plan - Essay Example The business plan was to be graded according to a rubric; thus, this rubric was considered to be a tool aimed at facilitating the consistency in grading assignment (Martinez, Wells, Peterson, Hannigan, & Stevenson, 2008, 19). Therefore, we took the rubric as the criteria of working on the business plan in order to ensure that it met expected level of quality for the purpose of grading. There were a lot of things that I learnt in the experience from this team work; for instance, I learnt that the team assignment is divided to be assigned to members. I also came to lean than the team leader ensures that member is assigned to the section that they are comfortable with. This was by letting the members decide the section that they were to tackle. I also learnt that there should be a separate section of compiling, editing, proofreading, revising, and submitting (Martinez, Wells, Peterson, Hannigan, & Stevenson, 2008, 19). There was to be one of our members who were to concentrate on this s ection, hence, this was facilitating the covering of all the section of the business plan and work to be credited appropriately. I also learnt the importance of setting dates for checking on the progress with the other members. We used online workspace for updating one another on various tasks of the projects. This helped us to maintain the cohesiveness of the team and ensure that everyone is still doing what was expected. I also learnt that there is the importance in setting the dates for submitting the drafts and the final work for each team member. We also used the time frame for gathering the feedback and ideas from the members before the business plan was finally compiled together. We also ensured that we had enough time for proofreading the business plan before submitting. 2. Process of Idea Initiation: Ideas initiation process began with a stage where members were oriented to the task of coming up with a business plan in a way that created awareness regarding objectives of th e team. Member held a discussion, which was focused on the scope of the task and the approach to undertaking the task (Belbin, 2012, 1). Proceeding to the next stage in the process, members were expected to present their ideas regarding any form of a business plan. In fact, this stage required members to be engaged into a brainstorming session, whereby all the ideas from members were acknowledged. Moreover, they were expected to bend their feeling and attitudes in order to deal with the task that was to be undertaken by the team (Belbin, 2012, 1). On the other hand, members were offered a chance to gather reasonable information regarding any company’s employees, partners, associates, and customers. Nevertheless, during this stage I gained understanding of the performance stage, whereby team members are offered a chance to develop their capacity and interdependence, social skills, and personal relations (Belbin, 2012, 1). Furthermore, this session facilitated development of ab ility to convey ideas and it also assisted the members of the team to acknowledge each member’s contribution. On the other hand, coming up with the business idea required extensive research in the internet in order to gather relevant information; in fact, this facilitated completion of this business plan. This stage gave me the skills to be able to finding journals articles, books, and websites that could provide the relevant information for the research (Martinez, Wells, Peterson, Hannigan, & Stevenson,

Evolution and Natural Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evolution and Natural Selection - Essay Example However in the mid-nineteenth century, scientist like Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace sought to explain this process of adaptation and change as a natural one without attributing it to the influence of higher beings and spiritual powers. Fossil records are perhaps the best natural evidence of evolution. While the fossils of simpler organism are found among older rocks, the newer ones have fossils of more complex organisms.. (GCSE, BBC) Evolution is of 2 main types: Microevolution and macroevolution. Microevolution emphasises on genetic change from one generation to another while macroevolution deals with the process of gradual change in the physical form of living creatures. (The Process of Speciation, Global Change Program, University of Michigan) This paper will focus on the theory of evolution put forth by Charles Darwin. Key aspects of evolution like the process of Natural Selection and Variation will be discussed. Also, with reference to reference to 'Darwin's finches', the paper will describe how geographical isolation has caused new species to evolve from a common ancestor Darwin was influenced by observations made during his voyage as naturalist on the survey ship Beagle. After studying several plant and animal species, Charles Darwin published some of his key observations and ideas in his book, "The Origin of Species." His theory of evolution comprises 4 parts: 1. As fossils records shows the world is constantly changing. Several organisms have become extinct and others have changed over time are are rather different from their previously existing forms. 2. All organisms share a common ancestor and hence certain common features. 3. The process of change is a gradual one 4. The mechanism of evolutionary change is natural selection. (Evolution and Natural Selection, Global Change, University of Michigan) Natural Selection: The concept of Natural Selection according to Darwin is the mechanism for evolutionary change. He discussed Natural Selection in the context of an organism 'struggle for existence'. Every organism Darwin believed tended to produce far more offspring than can actually survive. Limited resources often caused several of these to perish. As a result, there was intense competition between these organisms and only some survive to live and reproduce further. Darwin also believed that the population within a species remained more or less constant over time. However these species do show a wide variation in features and these variations are passed on from one generation to another. (Ridley, 2003). The following chart describes the process of Natural selection. Source: Evolution and Natural Selection, Global Change, University of Michigan For natural selection to occur, reproduction is a very important aspect. Offspring's inherit certain important features from their parents, which help them in the struggle for existence. Besides there are 2 essential requirement, namely a. heritable variation of some trait like the beak or skin colour The differences in these traits could b a result of environmental factors and could often be significant for survival in that environment. differential survival and reproduction of that trait is essential to ensure that (Evolution and Na

Study of Teachers Essay Example for Free

Study of Teachers Essay Teaching profession is always looked up as a noble and respectful occupation because the teachers impart knowledge for the nation. Something cliche, without them there would not be any doctors, engineers, astronauts, politicians and the list goes on. However, how many people realise that there are countless of obstacles in becoming an effective teacher? I will be discussing on todays apparent phenomena that involves the reality in teaching in our very own beloved country, Malaysia. Teachers face challenges in the school when they do not receive co-operation from the parents. It is obvious that parents support can be shown through the simplest action of attending the schools Parent Teacher Association meeting, providing generous amount of financial support for school fund, and supporting the effort of the school towards betterment. However, lately it has been reported in the national mass media about parents complaints and dissatisfaction towards teachers approach in punishing their children. The issue that raised their concern involved the way teachers exert punishment at school. In fact, some of them lodged police report and even filed a law suit on teachers. Compared to the good old days, parents allow teachers to apply any kind of punishment towards their children so they would be well educated and disciplined. Besides, there are parents who complain when they need to provide extra support which usually involves little amount of money to improve the quality of their childrens education at school. In addition, disciplinary problem, which is not a tale, really happens in school and the people who are involved are the students. Therefore, all of us have to be alert of students disciplinary problems that are becoming uncontrollable because students go to the extreme when they are involved in truancy, gangsterism, vandalism, attitude problem, disrespectful and other critical unthinkable behaviour problems. Parental guidance is very important because a child naturally observes and imitate the adults actions. However, when the students are at school, the adults who these teenagers are with are the teachers, while the parents attend work or complete house chores. It is relevant to add that peer pressure also adds up to the present disciplinary problems because they are easily influenced at this stage where they are in search for self-identity. The students who are less concerned about gaining knowledge usually lose their main objective of attending school. I will not say that their actions reflect their parents attitude and behaviour for this one reason. In my opinion, some overinvolved or uninvolved parents do not really know their children. The students wear different masks at home and at school, which means that they behave differently at home and at school. Hence, teachers are to be solely blamed when their children are punished or shall I say, literarily abused by the teachers when they commit disciplinary problem. How funny is that? If parents themselves are not convinved of the capability of the school as a whole, it is certainly impossible to successfully improve our countrys education system. The question to be asked here is why are the parents behaving weirdly? In relation to the countrys effort towards paradigm shift and global thinking, it is indeed surprising to witness some citizens who still lack of general knowledge and self-awareness although our country has been independent since year 1957. Anyhow, I am not 100% blaming the parents for this happening but these are some of the truths in our developing country. The next point is that being a teacher requires the person to be physically and psychologically ready to carry the idealistic image of a teacher. Once a person is a teacher, he or she is automatically seen as a role model. In other words, the teachers have to fulfill the expectations and demands from the public in terms of the specific way that teachers should behave, present themselves, and to some extent, pretend to be the figures that they are expected to be. Believe it or not, it happens. Practice what you preach made a discipline teacher at my previous school trimmed his hair until there was almost completely none because he wanted to show the right example to the fellow students. People should bear in mind that teachers are homosapiens that live like others of their kind. It means that they have their own daily routines to deal with such as themselves, family, friends, society and the environment. In this case, a teacher is always a teacher no matter if he or she is inside or outside the educational settings. Teachers are usually aware of the roles that they will play once they have decided to end up in this profession. Therefore, even if the teacher does not want it to happen, they have no other options but to accept the fact that they are public figures, in a way or so. It is not so bad afterall because teaching is very rewarding once the teachers discover that their students excel in their academics and succeed in their life as individuals who are able to contribute to the community. It would take years and centuries for an effective teacher to be forgotten by the students, considering their performance at school. Teaching should never be a last resort for desperate unhired post-graduates who are job hunting nor does it should be seen as a relaxing job because of the short working hours compared to other government professions. For example, the Malaysian government has introduced the Post-Graduate Teaching Course (Kursus Perguruan Lepasan Ijazah) to train the post-graduates for the teaching world. So now the questions are, What makes us so sure that they are really interested in teaching? and Are effective teachers born or made? . There are certain qualities and favourable types of personality that teachers should possess. I did a research on how students view teachers personality and classroom management in Malaysian secondary school. It was found that 90 out of 115 respondents (78%) mentioned that they are able to notice when teachers are not interested to teach in the classroom. Majority of the respondents agreed that they are able to do so by looking at teachers’ facial expressions and teaching style. In my personal opinion, we should never just let any individuals without sufficient knowledge and suitable personality to be a teacher. Students are not guinea pigs that should be constantly used in this kind of experiment, because this would imply a bad perspective on the teaching profession itself. Furthermore, students are able to think for themselves. If our education sector lacks of quality manpower in the teaching profession, try looking again because there are many other qualified candidates who are sincerely wanting to work with the children genuinely. Next, where on earth do people get the idea that teaching is a getaway or escapism to a more relaxing occupation. Todays teachers are not like yesterdays teachers, I am not being judgmental but it is apparent nowadays that teachers carry more responsibilities or burden, depending on how they perceive their tasks. Furthermore, they do not just have to teach but they  are given other responsibilities in the school administration too. I could still remember having a separate conversation with two different teachers in a school during practicum. The first teacher mentioned that teaching has now become the second importance for her after other school related activities because she has to handle co-curricular activities, school administrative work and other workloads. The next teacher who will be retiring in a few years mentioned that her passion level for teaching has decreased for the increase of new responsibilities in school other than teaching. Moreover, in todays globalisation world, teachers are required to get in touch with new technology, new knowledge and new skills to be incorporated in the classroom as well as for self-improvement. An example would be the ability to utilise the computer and the internet resources to assist them in teaching. They are very fortunate because the government is also providing them with free laptops to assist them in their work, and hopefully they are able to utilise them to their fullest. Several years ago, my friend whose mother is a teacher asked for my clarification if I really want to take up the teaching course because from her observation, all her mother does was basically routine work. Besides that, a tuition teacher expressed his surprise when I told him the same thing. Previously, I mentioned that teaching is indeed a noble job, and now whats with this clarification and surprise? It is not so bad afterall, isnt it? Maybe it should be mentioned over and over again that once a person becomes a teacher, he or she does not need to dream too much in changing the system. After few years they will be going with the flow and if they survive, thank God, whereas if they drown, just follow the light at the end of the tunnel. In other words, teachers still have to follow what the Ministry of Education has planned for the schools. In my Professional Development class discussion, I found out that not many educators are up there in the ministry to implement the changes and development in education. I think that we need real people who deal with the real school experience to be making the decisions in improving the school system. There was once an issue about placing the Excellent Teachers (Guru Cemerlang) in the Ministry of Education because it would shake the performance of the students and the school once they left. They should then be remained in the same school to benefit the teacher and students by sharing their ideas, experiences and knowledge so that they can improve. I hope to see that my country has a well structured plan that is workable, so that precious time for planning is saved and the people can start progressing instead of lagging behind, wondering about the already knowns. We have built the tallest building, became the best host for the Commonwealth Games, we claimed ourselves as a global community and there is no doubt that we should be able to improve our approaches in improving the educational system. In conclusion, teachers in Malaysia still face many kind of obstacles in this profession. In fact, teachers from all around the world might face the similar obstacles in the profession. The responsibilities, expectations, issues and happenings that relate to teachers really exist. Teachers play an important role in the society thus, everyone in the country should be aware of their contributions to the improvement of our national standard of education. Innovations IN THE CLASSROOM Efforts to make learning more interactive and more fun for students appear promising, but it may be too soon to judge if they are positively impacting childrens performance in standard tests and surveys. Meanwhile, teachers complain that these efforts have added to their already heavy burden. Padmalatha Ravi reports. 11 January 2007 The census of 2000-01 showed that the dropout rate from schools in Karnataka stood at 10. 5%. One of the main reasons cited for the dropouts was that teaching methods used in the schools are archaic, and do not sufficiently motivate students to remain in class. Educationists say that in addition to outdated teaching methods, inadequate teaching learning material (TLM) and laboratory equipment are also factors that contribute to dropouts. Taking heed of these observations the state government decided to revamp the education system in the state-run schools. Educationists and teachers were roped in to devise new teaching methods. An interesting curriculum, along with interactive learning, was the new mantra adopted. Chaitanya a special programme to train the teachers in adopting new interactive teaching methods, was designed. Chaitanya was an extension of the Nali Kali or joyful learning programme that was tested successfully in some of the schools in Heggadedevana Kote taluk in Mysore. Nali Kali was a collaborative effort of the state government and UNICEF. Both these programmes stress interactive learning methods. The teachers use colourful charts and stories to explain concepts from the textbooks. Picture: Students listening to a radio programme in a government school in Hebbagodi, near Bangalore. More than 50,000 teachers have undergone training under the Chaitanya programme in the last four years. Both primary and higher secondary students have benefited as a result. Dr. T Padmini, a retired Head of the Department of Education at Mysore University, who was part of the Chaitanyas design team says The states intended curriculum is very well designed, so what we needed was a child friendly way of teaching it. Boring teaching methods can cause cumulative deficiencies of interest in children, which may lead to dropouts. The Chaitanya programme teaches teachers to use stories, songs and even drama to teach concepts. Alongside government action, NGOs too are leading from the front in interactive learning. Pratham, in Mysore, is promoting Universal Elementary Education (UEE) by partnering with the Department of Public Instruction. The organisation works with government schools in the slums of the city. They run Balawadi and Balasakhi programmes in these areas. The Balawadi programme prepares children for formal education using play-way methods, ensuring the children enjoy their school-going experience. Balasakhi is a remedial education programme, in which the NGO appoints a special teacher at the government school who aids the children in learning languages and mathematics using the special packages developed by Pratham. The government also introduced the trimester system to reduce the burden on the students. †¢ An instruction set for teachers Mr. Chandrashekar, principal of government higher secondary school in Mysore says Prathams intervention has been very useful for us. The children have fun learning Kannada and arithmetic and because of that it becomes easier for us to teach them what is in the syllabus. The children too like the new way of learning. Salman, a Class 4 student from Mysore, says addition and subtraction is more fun now. Earlier I was scared of arithmetic problems. The language kit developed by Pratham along with Dr. Padmini is hot favourite among parents too. They say it is especially helpful to students who dont speak Kannada at home but have to learn it in school. The new method however is not without problems. Teachers say it has increased the burden on teachers. Meera Bai, headmistress of Sri Ramakrishna Education Society, Bangalore says It is true that the new method is good for students but we have to spend a great deal more time on preparing for the lessons and evaluating them. Giving individual attention becomes very difficult when there are more than 40 students in each class. Why is India still a developing country and what is stopping it from being a developed country? This particular question strikes me every time when I read something about India’s education system. I see India’s education system as a stumbling block towards its objectives of achieving inclusive growth. Let me inform you about certain startling facts. India is going to experience a paradox of nearly 90 million people joining the workforce but most of them will lack requiste skills and the mindset for productive employment according to a report in DNA. India has about 550 million people under the age of 25 years out of which only 11% are enrolled in tertiary institutions compared to the world average of 23%. I wouldn’t be laying too much emphasis on the drawbacks of India’s public education system because it has been an issue well debated over in the past and the main flaws have already been pointed out before. I will be focussing on how the education system’s failure is leading to another social issue of income inequality and hence, suggest certain policies to improve India’s education system and reduce inequality. The really critical aspect of Indian public education system is its low quality. The actual quantity of schooling that children experience and the quality of teaching they receive are extremely insufficient in government schools. A common feature in all government schools is the poor quality of education, with weak infrastructure and inadequate pedagogic attention. What the government is not realising right now is that education which is a source of human capital can create wide income inequalities. It will be surprising to see how income inequalities are created within the same group of educated people. Let me illustrate this with the help of an example: Let us take P be an individual who has had no primary or higher education. His human capital is zero and hence it bears no returns. Let Q be an individual who completed his MBA from S. P Jain college and let R be an individual who completed his MBA from IIM Ahmadabad. The average rate of return for an MBA student is 7. 5% (hypothetical). Q gets a rate of return of 5% and R gets a rate of return of 10% due to the difference in the reputation and quality of the management school. Let the income of P, Q and R be 1. In a period of 10 years, P will be having the same income as he does not possess human capital. For the same time period Q will earn an income of (1+0. 05)^10=1. 63 and R will earn an income of (1+0. 10)^10=2. 59. Now lets see what happens when the rate of return on human capital doubles. Earnings of P will not change since he does not have any human capital. Now Q is going to earn (1+0. 10)^10=1. 63 and R is going to earn (1+0. 20)^10=6. 19. Flabbergasting! As soon as return on human capital increases proportionately income inequality increases. With return on human capital doubling, Q’S income increases by 59% and R’s income increases by 139%. The above example just shows the effect of the quality of human capital n income inequality. So if the government does not improve education system particularly in rural areas the rich will become richer and the poor will get poorer. Hence, it is imperative for the government to correct the blemishes in India’s education system which will also be a step towards reducing income inequality. Certain policy measures need to be taken by the government. The basic thrust of government education spending today must surely be to ensure that all children have access to government schools and to raise the quality of education in those schools. One of the ways in which the problem of poor quality of education can be tackled is through common schooling. This essentially means sharing of resources between private and public schools. Shift system is one of the ways through which common schooling can be achieved. The private school can use the resources during the first half of the day and the government school can use it during the second half. It is important to remember that the quality of education is directly linked to the resources available and it is important for the government to improve resource allocation to bring about qualitative changes in the field of education. Common schooling is one of the ways in which government can use limited resources in an efficient way and thus improve resource allocation. Another reason for poor quality of education is the poor quality of teachers in government schools . Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on education which is inadequate and insufficient. To improve the quality of education , the government needs to spend more money from its coffers on education. Most economists feel that the only panacea to the ills of the public schooling system is the voucher scheme. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed to choose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of education in government schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools to private schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used to build infrastructure in schools then the government can realize economies of scale. For example- The centre for civil society is providing vouchers worth Rs 4000 per annum to 308 girls. This means that the total amount of money given as vouchers is Rs 1232000. If the same amount can be used to construct a school and employ high quality teachers who are paid well then a larger section of the society will enjoy the benefit of education. A school can definitely accommodate a minimum of 1000 students. I hope government takes certain appropriate policy measures to improve the education system otherwise inequalities are going to be widespread and India’s basic capabilities will remain stunted. Let us strengthen the case for a stronger education system. High School Teacher Requirements Prospective high school teachers should enroll in a bachelors degree program in secondary education with an area of concentration in the subject that they wish to teach. Alternatively, aspiring high school teachers may major in their content area and minor in secondary education. Most undergraduate programs in secondary education prepare students for licensure in the state in which the program is accredited. Students usually complete a student teaching requirement as part of the curriculum. High school teachers instruct students in subjects such as mathematics, history, English and science through classroom discussions, lectures and other methods. Also known as secondary school teachers, high school teachers evaluate a students progress in a subject through examinations and coursework. An individual interested in becoming a high school teacher needs to be proficient not only in the subject matter, but also in the administrative and technological aspects of the classroom. Teachers should also be able to communicate effectively with parents, students, and other staff members. Listed below are common requirements for becoming a high school teacher: Common Requirements Degree Level Bachelors degree* Degree Field Secondary education with a minor in subject area teaching or  major in subject area with a minor in education (also sometimes called a teacher education program). * Licensure and Certification Secondary or high school certification; private schools dont require licensure* Experience Student or mentorship teaching to obtain licensure* Key Skills Passion and a dynamic approach to the subject matter; ability to retain names; flexible teaching approaches specified to each students needs; coaching and development techniques; high level of organization*** Computer SkillsMaintaining a website and/or managing online discussion boards may be required**; instructional and video editing software*** Technical Skills Proficient in use of films/slides, overheads and other projectors and/or video cassette players and recorders, as well as photocopiers, scanners and other commonly used office equipment*** Additional Requirements Background checks Sources: *Teach. org, **U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ***O*Net Online. Step 1: Complete a Bachelors Degree and Teacher Preparation Program State requirements or preferred degree programs can vary. Generally, students will complete a major in the subject area they intend to teach with a minor in education or with concurrent enrollment in a teacher preparation program. However, some schools have students major in secondary education and minor in the particular subject area in which they plan to teach. Whether a student is enrolled in a teacher preparation program or another type of education degree, they generally complete a student teaching or mentorship teaching component in the program. Success Tips: Participate in internship and student teaching opportunities. Most teacher preparation programs (and their varying forms/names) include student teaching; however, there will likely be additional opportunities to gain field experience or complete volunteer work through the school or community. Students should consider these opportunities to gain an understanding of the subject matter as well as to round out and populate their resume for obtaining positions after graduation. Become a tutor. Students who show a proficiency in subject areas, demonstrated by grades in related classes and cumulative GPA, are likely eligible to tutor these subjects through the school or university. These positions are often paid and students can specialize in one subject area or tutor in several. Complete an alternative teacher program if applicable. Alternative teacher programs generally take 1-2 years to complete and are available to students who already possess a bachelors degree that is closely related to the subject area in which he or she wishes to teach. This can be an expedited route to begin teaching for students who already hold a relevant bachelors degree. Step 2: Earn Teaching Credentials  After bachelors degree attainment, there are additional exams and requirements necessary to complete in order for a student to obtain his or her initial teaching credentials. These also vary by state. Generally, the student will have a basic skills exam in addition to an exam specified to the subject in which they intend to teach. These test scores in conjunction with transcripts showing completion of the bachelors degree and teacher prep program as well as state and federal background checks must be submitted with a completed application to the State Board of Education. States also require teachers to complete several requirements to obtain permanent credentials. This can include additional coursework, exams and tests. Some teachers may be required to earn a masters degree, as well as a minimum amount of teaching experience. Success Tips: Complete additional coursework requirements online. There are online and hybrid online/on-campus courses available to complete state requirements for permanent credentials. This includes masters degree programs. Use development resources. Most teachers associations offer programs that teachers can utilize to gain additional teaching techniques and other skills in addition to staying current on technology commonly used in the classroom. Step 3: Pursue Voluntary Certification  According to the BLS, pursuing additional credentials, such as those offered by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS), can increase job prospects for teachers. The NBPTS offers the National Board Certification, which is an advanced teaching credential. These certificates are available in a variety of areas, including health, library media, mathematics, physical education and science, for secondary teachers. Teacher workload In high schools, it is important to consider not only the number of students per class but the nature of the class, and the subject the teacher is teaching. For example, a math teacher might have no problem teaching an advanced math class, or several math classes, with 35-40 students. But an English teacher teaching four classes of 40 students would probably not be able to give the proper attention to written assignments from that many students, and might not give as many assignments because of the large number of students. Team teaching Some schools might have classes of 40 taught by a team of two teachers. The class size by itself is not necessarily an indication of the attention students are getting. Volunteers Some schools effectively use parents and upper-grade students as volunteers in the classroom. This type of instructional help may not appear in a schools data about class size. Teaching Methods in Indian Schools. An understanding of modern less formal methods of teaching is greatly needed in the Indian Service. Indian schools should at least reach the level of better public schools in this respect. This is especially necessary because the best modern teaching, especially with young children, takes into account the kind of personality problems that are basic in the education of Indians. Need for Knowledge of Modern Methods. Although there are some striking exceptions, principals and teachers in Indian schools as a rule are not acquainted with modern developments in teaching, though educational leave has brought some improvement. The impression a visitor almost inevitably gets upon entering the classroom of an Indian school is that here is a survival of methods and schoolroom organization belonging in the main to a former period. The nailed-down desks, in rows; the old-type recitation; the unnatural formality between teacher and pupil, the use of mechanistic words and devices, as class rise ! , class pass!; the lack of enriching materials, such as reading books and out-of-doors material, all suggest a type of school-keeping that still exists, of course, but has been greatly modified in most modern school systems, if not abandoned altogether, as the result of what has been made known in the past twenty-five years about learning and behavior. This condition is, of course, only what one would expect from what has already been said about personnel. If methods of teaching in Indian schools, with a few conspicuous exceptions, are old-fashioned, without, for the most part, the redeeming quality of thoroughness that some of the old-time teaching is supposed to have had, it is due almost entirely to the lack of training standards and professional personnel. An encouraging feature of the situation is that here and there one does find interesting and successful efforts to get away from the formal and routine in teaching; a first-grade teacher trained under Montessori getting a delightful spontaneous activity out of her little Indian children; young college women coming back from a summer-session demonstration school touched with the newer way and struggling to put the new ideas into practice; Still other teachers using the Indian interest and talent in art to give Indians a creative opportunity; a principal and group of boarding school teachers demonstrating that Navajo children, proverbially so shy that they hang their heads and will not speak in the presence of visitors, can in a few short months, with the abandonment of the stiff furniture and stiffer military routine characteristic of government boarding schools, become as lively human beings as any white children. These suggest the possibilities if personnel can be improved, if teachers can be helped by supervisors and staff specialists who know better methods, and if every effort is made to keep the education of the Indian in the stream of modern education development instead of isolated from it. Study of the Individual Child. Perhaps the most characteristic fact about modern education is the attention given to study of the individual child and the effort to meet his needs. This is the real justification for intelligence testing and for the whole measurement movement. Given more knowledge on the part of the school and teacher of the health of the child, of his abilities, of the home conditions from which he comes, it should be possible to help him more satisfactorily to capitalize on what he has for his own sake and for the sake of society. So little measurement work has been done in government Indian schools that one danger in the measurement movement has not developed to any extent, but it needs to be borne in mind: Testing, particularly intelligence testing, should never be used in a school as a means of denying opportunity, but only as a means of directing opportunities more wisely. Most of the talk about some Indian children not being worthy of an education beyond the grades is indefensible. It is based on a misconception of the reason why society furnishes schooling at all. Discovery of low mental ability in any child, white or Indian, no more relieves society of the responsibility of educating him than diagnosis of a weak heart by a physician would relieve society from giving the person thus diagnosed a chance at life—in both cases the diagnosis becomes the first step in a process of improvement.