Real Property

Question # 1 – What were Birdwell’s options on July 5? Doctrine of Equitable Conversion – once a contract is signed, equity regards the buyer as the owner of the property. The seller’s interest is looked at as personal property. The legal title of the property remains with the seller and is considered to in trust and the risk is on the seller. The right of possession follows the legal title; the seller is entitled to possession until closing.Risk of Loss – there is a split of authority on risk of loss when a contract is signed, equity is passed to buyer through escrow and the risk of loss is on buyer. If property is destroyed before closing, the majority rule places the risk on the buyer. If the property is damaged or destroyed, the seller is to credit any monies from the insurance against the purchase price the buyer is required to pay. Because Birdwell did not rescind the contract he will be required to pay the $90,000 because he did not consult a n attorney and because the real estate agent put a new price on the property of $50,000.However, since the contract was silent at risk, the Uniform Vender and Purchaser Risk Act, Birdwell could request this option. However, neither party had insurance on the property. Here, no one had insurance on the property. If property is destroyed and the seller has insurance, the seller will be required to reduce the sale price by the amount of damage. Because there was no insurance on the property, and the agreement was silent, the risk of loss would be on the buyer and Birdwell’s option would have to be under contract law or marketable title.Statute of Frauds (SOF)– The terms of a land contract must be in writing and signed by the parties, including full names of the parties, words showing intent, a meeting of the minds for the transaction to buy or sell property, the price, and sufficient description of the property. Astor and Birdwell entered into a contract for the sale of R oseacre, which was for $100,000 with a down payment of $10,000 and $90,000 at closing set for August 1. Under the SOF, Roseacre must have a description of the land that is sufficient for identification.Here, there was no description that sufficiently described the land for sale and this would violate the SOF. Because there is no description another option would be to allow extrinsic evidence of property to allow for the description of the land to be added to the contract regarding Roseacre. Here, Birdwell is to be the equitable owner of the land beginning with and during the period between forming the contract and closing. Question #2 –Assuming a Uniform Vendor and Purchaser Risk Act jurisdiction what were Birdwell’s options on August 2 when he finally gets around to consulting an attorney? Marketable TitleBreach of covenant of marketable title and breach of covenants of title is determined by which jurisdiction it follows on equitable conversion or the Uniform Vendor and Purchaser Risk. Under the equitable conversion, equity title and risk of loss passes to buyer as soon as the contract is signed. Seller could force buyer to pay and take titled to the damaged property. Under the Uniform Act, seller retains the risk of loss until title or possession passes. Buyer can rescind and sue for restitution of the deposit. On August 2, Birdwell cannot rescind the contract because he can only sue for breach of warranty of marketable title.Because closing is done and completed under the Uniform Vendor and Purchaser Risk jurisdiction, Birdwell’s attorney would advise that he has taken legal title or possession of the property and would not be cleared from his contractual duty. Here, because, Birdwell has the deed and because of an accident and the property was completely destroyed and a new value placed on the property, this would be a loss and Birdwell would have to sue under covenant of title. Question #3 – When Birdwell discovers the gas bil l August 15 what are his options? Usual Covenants in General Warranty DeedA general warranty deed contains covenants of title warranting against defect in title, including defects by predecessors. A general warrant deed contains three present covenants and three future covenants. The present covenants are breach if all at the time of the delivery of the deed. The future covenants run after closing. If one of the covenants is breached Birdwell may recover damages from Astor. A. Present covenants are breached if at the moment the deed is delivered and personal covenants are personal and do not run with the land for the benefit of the successor.Seisin the present covenant warrants that the seller of the property owns the property that they claim to convey. Right to convey warrants that the grantor has the power to convey the property and that there are no restrictions on the power of the seller to convey power. Against Encumbrances warrants that there are no easements, servitudes, or m ortgages on the land. Here, Astor breached the present covenants when the deed was passed and he knew that the property had a lien against it. Because of these facts there is an amount owed of $1500 and $750.B. Future Covenants are breach if after the grantee’s possession of the land is disturbed, and then the future covenants may not be breached at the moment of the conversion and can be breached later. Future covenants run with the land and can be enforced by purchasers. Because Astor broke Birdwell’s future covenant when he shows the property to Clifford, this would breach Birdwell’s covenant of quiet enjoyment. Quite enjoyment warrants that the grantee will not be disturbed in the possession by a third party’s lawful claim of title.Here, Birdwell’s deed is defective and damages are recoverable for breach of covenant against encumbrance, which is the difference in value between the land without these encumbrances and land with encumbrances. The lesser amount would have to be paid by Astor. Question #4 – On September 1 Birdwell has still not been unable to successfully get a resolution on the dispute over Roseacre. What are the chances of claiming his deed valid and Clifford is not a Bonafide Purchaser? Bona Fide Purchaser is someone who pays for the value for property and takes title of property without notice of any preceding claims.The notice statute requirement is that the party must be a bona fide purchaser and that party takes their interest without the notice. Here, the subsequent purchaser Clifford’s deed will prevail. Taking without Notice – Clifford inquired if about if there were any liens and he was told there were none by Astor. Therefore, he did not get actual notice and the deed was not recorded, unless there was inquiry, constructive notice will prevail. Constructive Notice exists if a prior claim was properly recorded within the chain of title so that a subsequent purchaser will be char ged with notice of claim.A reasonable search is required of the purchaser of records such as the tool Tract Index or the Grantor-Grantee index. Here, constructive notice would exist because Birdwell did not record his deed, this show Clifford did not get proper notice. Inquiry notice is something that arises that could cause a reasonable person to be on notice and the Grantee is responsible to know if anything that a reasonable person would reveal. Even though during the inspection of the property, Clifford noticed different signs that stated â€Å"sold† and he also saw a construction crew working.This was observed prior to Clifford making an offer. Quiet title – Birdwell has two options one a title dispute, therefore in a quiet title action, a court proceeding removes any clouds or encumbrances on the title to real property to establish new ownership of the property. Here, Birdwell did not record the quiet title and there was a failure to clear title after making paym ent to Astor. Because Astor did not convey a deed to Clifford, the court will have to decide the recording based on the recording statutes above.

Native American Medicine Essay

The medical cures and healing traditions used by the Native Americans are rather interesting and different compared to modern day Anglo Saxon cures. Native Americans, using their basis of ideas and beliefs, have developed a general idea of naturalistic cures and healing processes. Although the cures and healing processes are much different than Anglo Saxon ideas of curing and healing, the Native American processes tend to work well and even better than many Anglo Saxon cures. Native American medical and healing beliefs and processes are generally based on a more natural curing or purification process than the processes of modern day Anglo Saxons. Many Native American healing processes have been practiced for around 40,000 years. Different Native American healing traditions have appeared to share roots with different cultures, such as ancient Chinese traditions. Although many of the Native American healing traditions appear to share roots with ancient Chinese traditions, the greatest influence on Native American healing is the environment in which they have lived. The different plants and animals around them influenced their healing practices to be all natural. Another influence on their healing practices was other tribes. The migration of tribes around them allowed the tribes to share their knowledge of natural cures. Trade was also very helpful in Native American healing practices because many of the natural remedies required herbs from surrounding environments or long distances, and being able to trade with traveling tribes saved much travel time and risk. Although Native American healing practices have proven to be successful, a lot of their traditions have been lost. Many of the practices were driven underground and lost because they became banned or illegal in many parts of the United States. After 1978, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act was passed, and the Native Americans were once again allowed to practice their healing traditions. The long gap without practicing certain healing processes resulted in the loss of many of their practices, however. Even today, there are still difficulties with Native Americans being allowed to perform different ceremonies and rituals because the land serves other purposes. (www.cancer.org). Native Americans have successfully lived for many years by using their own idea of natural cures and purification. Native American healing is a broad term that includes different healing beliefs and practices of hundreds of indigenous tribes or North America. It combines religion, spirituality, herbal medicine uses, and purification rituals that are used to treat the indigenous people either medically, emotionally, or behaviorally. According to Lakota Sioux, the basis of natural beliefs and connections comes from the story of the white buffalo. The story begins with a woman appearing during the time of famine. She was wearing a white buffalo skin and carrying a sacred pipe. After appearing to the tribe, she explained to them that the wooden stem was for the trees and everything growing on earth. Her red bowl was to symbolize the flesh and blood of all people and the smoke was the breath of their prayers going to Wakan Tanka, the creator. The woman then presented the pipe ceremony to the tribe, which included offerings made to the four directions while drums were played and sacred songs were sung. The people then began to understand the connection between sky and earth and the unity of all life. Before leaving, the woman said she would return when the time was right and turned into a buffalo, changing colors several times. Finally, she became a white buffalo calf and disappeared. The people followed her teachings and were no longer hungry. Years later, a white buffalo calf, very rare, appeared and changed colors throughout its life. The calf is believed to be the woman. (www.native-americans-online.com). Through this story, many indigenous tribes have believed nature to be the cures and purifications needed for the soul to become whole. There are many types of Native American healing practices, and they are promoted to help with a variety of ills. Some of the most common aspects of Native American healing include the use of herbal remedies, purifying rituals, shamanism, and symbolic healing rituals to treat illnesses of both the body and spirit. Herbal remedies are used to treat many physical conditions. Practitioners use purifying rituals to cleanse the body and prepare the person for healing. Shamanism is based on the idea that spirits cause illness, and a Native American healer called a shaman focuses on using spiritual healing powers to treat people. Symbolic healing rituals, which can involve family and friends of the sick person, are used to invoke the spirits to help heal the sick person. (www.cancer.org). The Native American belief in spirituality caused the Native Americans to believe that diseases are caused by an object piercing the soul through sorcery. A disease can also be believed to be the complete absence of a free soul. Their naturalistic beliefs allowed them to believe that even diseases are considered natural occurrences, and because they occur naturally, they can be cured naturally as well. By using natural remedies, â€Å"medicine men† attempted to cure diseases that have invaded tribal villages. Natural remedies used by the medicine men included different concoctions of plants, fungi, or animals that could be eaten or rubbed on a certain area of the body to cure the illness. Before Europeans invaded Native American land, Native Americans had not had an extreme amount of experience in the treatment of disease. However, after the Europeans invaded their land, they (the Europeans) brought many diseases with them. Some of the deadly diseases included smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, typhoid, influenza, and pertussis or whooping cough. At the first sign of the diseases, the indigenous people continued trying their natural remedies, but after many failed attempts at curing the diseases, the people would often avoid the sick and leave them to die because they believed that evil spirits had taken over their soul. With the Europeans bringing many diseases to the indigenous land, the indigenous people believed the Europeans to be evil spirited and deadly. The many diseases brought by the Europeans caused a major Native American depopulation. In order to try to cure these diseases or other illnesses, Native Americans relied on the use of what they referred to as t he â€Å"medicine man† or â€Å"healer†. The medicine man was very well educated on the surrounding nature and knew what natural remedy would cure the illness. Often times, the medicine man would have to travel to other lands in order to find a certain plant or a fungus that was needed in the remedy. Medicine men were very effective at curing illnesses because of the knowledge they had of nature. Not only did the Native Americans use natural remedies to cure illness, but they also used natural purification processes in order to purify or cleanse their soul in an emotional healing process. The purifying ritual is a ceremony known as a sweat lodge, where the indigenous people would sit in extreme temperatures and sweat out the evil in them which allowed them to be cleansed. To begin the sweat lodge process, one must offer a pouch of tobacco to the medicine man. The tobacco is used to represent the spirit of the person presenting it. By offering the tobacco to the medicine man, one is asking him to work on their behalf in the spiritual world. When presenting the tobacco, one would also bring forth their specific desire such as an alcohol or drug problem. The sweat lodge process begins with the passing of what are known as tobacco ties. Many tobacco ties are hung around inside the sweat lodge and each tobacco tie represents a prayer. The four sacred herbs, sage, sweet grass, cedar, and tobacco, are used in order to help purify the room and allow the spirits to work. Then rocks, primarily lava stones from volcanoes, are heated using a fire until they are white hot. Once the rocks are white hot, they are brought into the lodge in order to begin the sweating process. To keep the rocks hot, water is poured onto them making an immense amount of steam and heating the lodge. Now that the purification process has finally begun, everyone sits in a circle and goes around, one person at a time, offering prayers. After all prayers have been given, the medicine man blends them all together in a mystical process altering the state of mind to something beyond the physical form. This is where the real healing takes place. As the purification process comes to a conclusion, a new ceremony known as wopela begins. Wopela is simply giving thanks. All participants bring in gifts for the medicine man in order to thank him for leading them through the purification process. The medicine man begins a prayerful state and takes the prayer ties and sets them up in the north end of the center. This allows the prayers to be carried to the Great Spirit in a good way. The medicine man then blows out the candles the lodge becomes pitch dark. Another emotional healing strategy is the use of the medicine wheel. The medicine wheel was an important transformation in the process of Native American tribes realizing that they are much different from each other. Basically, the medicine wheel was a sheet decorated in special symbols, colors, or stones that allowed others know about the inhabitants of the tribe. One was placed in front of every tepee or hut to notify others of that individual’s strengths and weaknesses. By doing so, each individual had their own guidelines to follow for personal growth by realizing what one needed to learn and what one needed to teach. After many generations, the people began to lose the concept of blame and anger upon others. One tribe member from Arizona states â€Å"If I said to you, ‘Does anyone ever make you angry?’ you would say yes. But in reality, this is totally impossible. You choose to be angry by the way you process the event. This is something you were taught to d o as a child. If you could imagine not one person in all of New York City having the concept of anger, that’s what it was like during that time period of no wars before the white man came.†(www.native-americans-online.com). By placing a simple wheel outside their homes, the Native Americans began to learn to cope with their anger and not place blame upon others. This shows a strong cultural emotional healing process because it rid the tribes of anger and blame on others. Indigenous people also believed in psychiatric healing beliefs by altering their state of mind. They were able to alter their state of mind through events such as drumming and chanting rituals, Salish spirit dancing, and visual stimuli. All processes were used in order to calm down an individual. The drumming or chanting of rituals acted as a concentration device to its listeners. A constant beat or pattern would reduce the tendency of the mind to wander. It would also enter the brain wave patterns and sometimes the subjects’ brainwaves would change to match the frequency of the drumming or beating. As for the altered states produced in the Salish Spirit Dance, the sensory stimulation would release neuro-endocrine opiod agents that would produce a peak experience during that dance performance. It is quite obvious that the healing processes of the indigenous people vary greatly from the healing processes of modern day Anglo Saxons. For example, in seeking a cure, Anglo Saxons search for a man made discovery to lead to a cure where as the indigenous people rely on nature for their cures. Although the Anglo Saxon solutions are very effective, the natural remedies also work and are less harmful. All Anglo Saxon cures provide quick solutions but at the risk of side effects which are not present in natural remedies. One belief of the indigenous people was that the illness was caused by nature, so nature can cure the illness. Another difference in Anglo Saxon healing processes is emotional or psychiatric healing. Anglo Saxon traditions in emotional healing include the use of a therapist or other person to talk to in order to solve the problem. The indigenous people use a similar cure, except they seek a higher cure such as the sweat lodge in order to be in contact with the spirit world. Anglo Saxons also place blame and problems on others in an attempt to relieve themselves of the pressure or danger of events. The indigenous people however, do not like to place blame on others, but on themselves. The indigenous people begin looking for a cure inside oneself in order to fix the problem. Although many rituals and healing processes of the indigenous people are much different than the processes of the modern day Anglo Saxons, the processes of the indigenous people have proven to work effectively in curing the illness. Their belief in having a pure soul contributes to the rituals they perform in order to heal. Both Anglo Saxon and Native American healing processes have been proven effective, with the difference being the focus of the solution. Native American medical and healing beliefs and processes are generally based on a more natural curing or purification process than the processes of modern day Anglo Saxons. Sources Used http://muwww-new.marshall.edu/jrcp/VE13%20N1/jrcp%2013%201%20thomason.pdf http://www.native-americans-online.com/index.html http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/native-american-healing

Tom Robinson was the honest, helpful and most trustworthy person I have ever known

Tom Robinson was the honest, helpful and most trustworthy person I have ever known. As long as I remember, Tom has never meant to harm anyone. As a respectful person and a good neighbor he was always first to help someone in need. Right now the person who was supposed to be sitting beside me, with his child in his lap is sleeping in god's lap. Not only me but also everyone else in Maycomb knows that Tom was innocent man and has never done anything to Mayella, but still he was sentenced to jail just because his skin was black. I was always inspired by his habit of helping out other people and giving them respect, but now I feel sorry for his help. All the things that happened to Tom makes me think that in this world now its crime to help a helpless girl. Tom was the only support for his wife and children, which is also taken away from them. Even though whites blamed him for something he wouldn't do he would want us to have respectful behavior with them. Well now it doesn't matter that he was innocent or not, because he is now dead. I grew up with Tom in same community and experienced as same prejudice as him, but I never controlled my self as much as Tom. Tom was very strong-hearted person, but he wasn't strong enough to fight prejudice. Tom always respected other person even though they insulted him. Right now in heaven he would be thinking good of Mayella and would be praying if someone can help her out. In conclusion I will pray that it wouldn't happen to anyone else what happened to Tom.

MANAGING ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE RESULTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MANAGING ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE RESULTS - Essay Example The integration of standards of practice within the business processes can further enable the organisations to carefully abide by its principles and to ensure the protection of employees from different emerging and uncalled for circumstances (Verlag, n.d.). Emphasizing the different aspects of standardisation processes and their significances within the business practices, the primary purpose of this report is to critically analyse and address the key issues identified in the case study of Sutton Chemicals Ltd. In this regard, the discussion of this report would principally focus on the significances and the roles of standardisation in Sutton Chemicals. Moreover, the report would also examine the health and safety issues at Sutton Chemicals and provide adequate measures to ensure that the company complies with the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and its various subsequent regulations. ... has been recognised as a growing organisation which produces specialist chemicals. The organisation is located in Sutton Coldfield within the northern outskirts of Birmingham. However, it has also been recognised from the case scenario that the organisation has faced significant challenges in its operational processes due to the lack of managerial roles of the hierarchies and inadequate standards within the chemical plant. In relation to the principles underneath ISO14001, it has been recognised that the set of principles significantly facilitate the concerned authorities to avail substantial benefits to obtain competitive position in the marketplace (Verlag, n.d.). In this regard, the major beneficial aspects that can be derived from the integration of ISO14001 by Sutton Chemicals have been provided in the following discussion: Performance Improvement The inclusion of ISO14001 can significantly improve the performance of each group of members within Sutton Chemicals. The designated principles stated under the ISO14001 can empower investment portfolio of the organisation in terms of developing its Research and Development (R&D) segment. In this context, the standardisation process of developing R&D can further facilitate the employees to increase their productivity within a stipulated time. Moreover, the process can further motivate the workers due to the incorporation of a range of incentive initiatives within the standardisation guidelines including appropriate wage structure, adequate safety measures for the employees along with other beneficial factors that tend to encourage them to improve their performance in different chemical production operations of Sutton Chemicals

Reflective memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective memo - Essay Example However, after some guidance and researching I was able to grasp the concepts required in an editorial and successfully wrote one. I learnt valuable information not only on the structure of an editorial but also on other aspects such as different types of editorials and the important aspects to be included in it. This course also required a student to conduct a movie evaluation. The challenge about this is that people have different views about movies and this influences how they conduct movie evaluations. Here, I was supposed to avoid subjective views on the movie and conduct an objective evaluation, which was a challenge. However, I was able to conduct a successful movie evaluation on a film called The Blind Side. This involved watching the film more than once and picking important aspects about it such as characterization, the themes and cinematography among others. I learnt important skills and knowledge on evaluating movies in terms of the different aspects present in the movie and ensure that subjective views are kept away from the evaluation. This course also included preparing a proposal and an annotated bibliography that would be used in a final research paper. The challenge regarding putting up the proposal was on the fact that I was supposed to choose a researchable topic from a variety of topics, some of which were either redundant or non-researchable. On the annotated bibliography, the challenge involved choosing sources that could give as much information on the topic as required rather than just choosing general sources on the topic. This could only happen by choosing credible sources, something that was not easy to do. However, I overcame these challenges and successfully wrote a proposal and an annotated bibliography that I used to write the research paper. With regard to the research paper, I learnt important skills in writing a well thought out research paper that

Job analysis project (rating system part) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job analysis project (rating system part) - Essay Example It also tells how applicable such criteria in the performance of the task as it relates to the job. Standard deviation on the other hand tells how close or how far the actual performance deviates from desired performance of the task. Combining these two criteria will tell how the tendency of an SME to deviate from the ideal performance as it relates to the criteria of importance, frequency, difficulty and flexibility. A survey was conducted indicating the major tasks involved in the job. The criteria used to evaluate each task were frequency, importance, flexibility and difficulty. Frequency meant how often the specific task was done as it relate to the job. Importance is the level of significance of the task to the job. Flexibility on the hand relates to the responsiveness of the task to the job while difficulty is the level of complexity in doing the job. The tasks are rated from the scale of one to four with four the highest and one the lowest on the scale. The standard deviation shows the degree of deviation of the actual task compared to the desired performance with zero as the most desirable result as it indicate no deviation. The results being closer to zero indicate more desirability of performance where the farthest indicate the least desired performance. The result of survey indicate that there are three criteria in the job where deviation is very susceptible. Actual performance consistently varied from desired performance in the area of flexibility as the deviation is consistent across all tasks from scrutinizing documents to querying decisively about ambiguities in the text. Standard deviation on all task is 0.471404521. This would tell that flexibility is the number issue among proofreaders and suggests that proofreaders should be trained with flexibility as all respondents deviated from desired performance. The second is area of the task of a proofreader that has consistent deviation is difficulty. Except

Data Sharing between Airlines and International Airlines for Case Study

Data Sharing between Airlines and International Airlines for Scheduling Purposes - Case Study Example s like distance, choice of aircraft, operating speed, night curfews, taxi-times and prevailing winds are considered during allocation of schedule times. From the above explanations, it can be concluded that data sharing is of high significance in the planning for delays. Since factors that affect arrival time are taken into consideration, it results in the development of a realistic schedule and the final effect of this is on-time performance. The main limitation to achieving effectives from data sharing is that in many cases, flights leaving at their designated times arrive after the scheduled arrival time and this has the potential of creating reactionary delays. A limitation imposed on data sharing is on the period of time that airlines can store this data (Strauss, 2010). Passenger name record (PNR) and the codeshare agreement Apart from sharing data for purposes of scheduling, airlines can also share passenger informationlikepassenger name record (PNR). In the past, terrorists h ave used airplanes as weapons against target places or nations. It has also threatened the prosperity of this important business. The main importance of sharing PNRis the deterrence of terrorist travel because it keeps known terrorists of airplanes. However, this can intrude into the privacy of the passengers due to the exchange sensitive information and could also result in the discriminate use of the data. The limitation of this is the inability to deter unpopular or unknown terrorists. The data can only be held for 30 days (The House Committee on Homeland Security, 2011). Codeshare agreement is another important element of cooperation between airlines. Under codeshare, two airlines share the same flight. For example, a seat can be purchased on one airline but a cooperating airline... This essay stresses that the strengths of American Airlines include the size of the fleet, the number of routes, partnerships, the IT infrastructure, and government relations. These strengths can be harnessed and data sharing between the airline and the other airlines made efficient and effective. An important strength in this case is the IT infrastructure. The company can venture into strengthening and innovation of an IT infrastructure that can assist effective and efficient data sharing between the airline and international airline for the scheduling purposes. Partnership can also assist the airline and international airlines to share data effectively. Partnerships will make it easy for the airline companies to share data effectively and make the scheduling of flights easier. This paper makes a conclusion that American Airlines should engage in data sharing for the purposes of scheduling flights. The company has many unprofitable routes and data sharing will assist the company is reducing these unprofitable routes. Partnership with the Asian Airlines is a great opportunity for the company to schedule its flights internationally and in particular within the Asian region. The partnership will offer a great chance for data sharing. From the SWOT analysis of American Airlines, it is evident there are many chances for data sharing between the airline and international airlines; data sharing will assist American Airlines to schedule flights and avoid any inconveniences that may arise due to partial or full absence of data sharing.

International Planning Frameworks Much Depend on the Context Coursework

International Planning Frameworks Much Depend on the Context - Coursework Example It is true that context is everything. Planning and execution vary according to every demography, geography, and climate is different for implementing a plan. There are no magic bullets or universal solutions for any plan. The United Nations Development Program has proved this many times while developing a plan in a geographical area. The tasks and types of tools are different in every area. The social and cultural norms of a particular place decide modes of execution for a plan.Many problems arise while managing the funds in cross-national projects. These problems are usually linked with accessing comparable datasets as well as in achieving agreement over functional equivalence in research parameters. When it comes to the interpretation many problems arise. Any shift in an orientation dependent on an interpretation of the policies usually gives rise to a conflict.The cross-national comparative planning studies are generally perceived as flexible. The common notion exists that they d o not have distinct features and comparative planning is different from holistic planning only when the factor of cross-national dimension is considered. This idea agrees with that quote under discussion. When the same plan is executed in different areas needs to comply to different work schedules, tools and other modes of execution only when the same plan is executed in different countries.This notion should not give the impression that a plan goes wayward when it is applied in different countries. The very definition of comparative planning research emphasizes the link between planning problems and execution in different regions, and there a connection with their regional institutional contexts. The emphasis on such a relationship between the matter of the investigation and the context stems from Friedmann’s paper on institutional context. Despite simple variations the general agreement is different styles of national planning dependent on a combination of system variables. They also depend on the level of economic development already attained, the nature of politics and culture.

Health Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Information Systems - Essay Example Medical informatics started in the US when the computers and microchips were introduced in the 1950s. In 1949, the first professional informatics organization was founded by Gustav Wager in Germany. Programs that trained individuals on informatics systems began in France in the 1960s which became common in the United States and Europe by the 1970s. Initially, health informatics systems were used for purposes like billing and patient admissions/discharges. (Neujahr). The technological advances made in the field of computers contributed to the rapid spread of health informatics systems. The relationship between doctors and people has also drastically changed with the introduction of medical informatics, since people are not ignorant of the health issues they are likely to face. Information regarding symptoms, causes and diagnosis is made available to all individuals, enabling them to identify their problem. People are usually aware of the health issue before they approach a doctor for diagnosis. Health informatics on the internet has made professionals more equitable since they have the advantage of learning of medical and clinical procedures immediately, without having to search for books on the particular technique or to consult other professionals. The physician is expected to have wide knowledge of all disciplines of medicine as all information is made available to the client or the patient. Internet forms the site of a new struggle over expertise in health that will transform the relationship between the health professions and their clients. (Hardey, 2009). A number of health informatics organizations have been developed by the government to provide reliable information on all kinds of health issues. For instance, the United States Federal Government has developed a health informatics site, healthfinder.gov. It provides guidelines to healthy living and personalized health advice by professionals to enable the

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Accounting - Assignment Example Technological advancements improve appropriate investment leading to low-cost production of delicious bakery foods. Clients at the end receive extraordinary services with improved processes, quality enhancement, and resource conservation lead to smart baking. Team members are always encouraged and appreciated hence acquire the motivations in their line of duty. The automated bread line includes dough baking, ingredients, mixing, and transportation to the final collection stages. The automation helps to ensure quality and a standard sizing of bread. The size is at 215,000 square feet (Flowers Foods, 2014). Production lines fit the two one-bread line and a one-bun line, whereas the capacity set at 3 million pounds of breads. The buns produced per week owing a speed of 60,000 buns per hour or 10,000 loaves of bread per hour. The products maintained in the market include nature own breads and burns, Betsy Ross, Mary Jane and Bunny. Dough making, transportation, and delivery to the consumers are labor intensive. Human resource investment is essential in various areas of production and marketing. Massive human resource contributes a fundamental role in enhancing the delivery of baked cakes to

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Summary - Essay Example Therefore a careful attempt is made by the authors to bring out all the effects that the rapid change of the family structure is making on the economy. It also states the difference between the structure of the married and the individual working class. It lays an emphasis on the role of the different genders in a family and their relationships. With the rapid change of the economy and the society there has been transformation in the role of the family members. Therefore the authors have tried to emphasize on the current change of roles in between man and woman and their implications. According to the authors, the relationship between the members of the family directly affects the market and its outcomes. The authors seem to bring clear evidence that the family as a unit is continuously aiming for maximizing their income. Taking this into consideration it can be assumed that the monetary issues are one of the prime considerations of the family members and all other goals and aims revo lve round the primary aim. Chapter four of the book, ‘‘Economics of Women, Men, and Work’ basically deals with the time allotment between the household and the labor market. The major emphasis is made on the female gender in this area. The authors have made it clear in their book that they advocate more and more female participations in the labor market. Primarily, the women are involved in the household work therefore that they do not often get time for any other job. But as the aim of the family unit, according to the authors, is maximization of income, thus the women should allocate time both for the household chores and even their career. Right allocation of time between both would not only help the women but also the family in both short and long runs. In the short run, it will help the family in maximizing their income and also in the long run these earnings will provide the women and their children a better economic viability in

Women role in our society Essay Example for Free

Women role in our society Essay Today, it cannot be denied that the liberation of the women (will be better to change to the women’s liberation) from domestic duties and subservient status has actually brought them an independently social equal position or superior to that of men. Women today are very active as they take part in many social functions of the communities, and have achieved (achieve – it might be dangerous to use simple present and present perfect in a joined- sentence, take a safer way ^0^) great successful (successes – should be a noun not adjective) in life. In any ( various, a vast amount of – I’m not quite sure about using â€Å"any† here, it’s fine when you translate to Vietnamese, however, it’s pretty rare to see such sentence in English document) countries around the world, many of ambassadors, ministers, commander-in-chiefs and senators are women. Some believed that women are excellent managers, since they are patient and prudent to solve the difficulties and urgent problems rather than being impatient like men. For instance, the recent survey points out that in Europe women held 23.2% of the seats in the Congress, however, in Sweden and Finland the number increases to 42% (The point is this example doesn’t seem to prove the above statement, take another one which should be related to a situation requiring being patient – customer complainning, for instance). Besides, many people think that women earn (more) than three-fourth as much as men actually, women’s weekly earnings were 75% of men’s which show the women’s ability compared to men. Women are also working in every fields of life. They are serving the nation in the same way like (as) the men (are), more than 70% of them are in the labor force. Women is flying the airplanes, they are doctors, engineers, lawyer †¦.and more than a mother. Today (Avoiding using such word, it will lower you mark ) many girls (young females) graduates (graduate) from high schools and enroll in colleges or universities then become successful  managers or even the chairmans of a big company (to increase the mark try to use words like : multination corporation, enterprise). Women can learn, start a business and they can become billionaires just like the men. In conclusion, women today are treated more fairly, they can vote, do politics, run a business, and their ability to work in any aspects in life such as education, economics, laws, entertainment shows that women are not behind in any case than a man. But (never ever use â€Å"but† to begin a sentence) in many part of the world, there is still gender discrimination which must be fought against. To be fair, this is a good assignment, well done. However, you can do even better if you focus on : + To list various things, never use â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , for example  such as education, economics, laws, entertainment = must be changed into such as education, economics, laws, and entertainment It must be that way to get a band 7 or 8 in the test + Never use â€Å"but†, â€Å"and†, to start a sentence - there are more, try to search for them + Avoiding using many, today, and words that show personal opinions, it is more academic to use passive voice. +The provided arguments are not strong enough, do more research before writing will help

How has Reapportionment Affected Nevada?

How has Reapportionment Affected Nevada? After the Census of 2011, how have reapportionment affected the State of Nevada. Does it benefit or hurt the least populated areas/cities/counties versus the larger cities/counties. Please provide facts and details to support your findings. ABSTRACT Nevada is one of the states of the mountain west. A lot of demographic amendments were witnessed by the state in the first decade of 21st century. It was seen in the census that it was one of the highest population gaining states in the country. Due to this reason, it is believed that this region has become a home for a lot of people who are diverse in terms of the demography and geography. With the help of these factors, it has been seen that Nevada has become one of the new swing regions in the country. With the help of this paper, we will try to examine the impact of reapportionment in the Nevada state. Apart from this, we will also try to draw a comparison between the impacts of redistricting on areas with varied number of population. It is believed that the area of Nevada before redistricting was considered as rural area. So the process of reapportionment is considered to have been a boon for the area as the policies were amended in a manner the rural interests were taken care o f on the costs of the urban requirements. INTRODUCTION Apportionment is the process with the help of which the seats in the House of Representatives in the united nations of America are divided. As per the apportionment of 2010, the total population in the Nevada state was reported to be 2709432 out of which 2700551 were the resident population and 8881 were reported to be overseas. The numbers of representatives in this state as in 2010 were reported to be 4. Nevada was of the 6 six states which gained one seat each as an apportionment that was done on the basis of the census of 2010. The population of the region constantly rose and this was one main reason due to which a gain in the seat was observed in this area. It was also seen that the seats from a lot of states of the U.S. were cut down. New York and Pennsylvania lost two seats each and there were 8 other states as well which lost one seat each as a result of apportionment. (Damore D. F., 2013) It has been keenly observed that the population of the country is constantly shifting towards the southern and the western parts of the country from the northeast and the Midwest parts. Since Nevada belonged to one of these parts, the population in this state of the country trolled to a higher level and thus an additional seat was given to the state. The nation growth rate of the population in the time period of 2000 to 2010 was seen to be 9.7%. But in the Nevada state this rate was outpaced to 35.1% being the highest in the country. Due to this, the Las Vegas metro area is believed to have the highest population in the area and hence is highly concentrated in the entire region. One important factor that is worth noting here is that a lot of ethical diversity has been seen in the state. The minority population in the Nevada state increased by almost 11 percent in the last decade. Due to this, around 45% of the residents in the Nevada region are believed to be non-whites. These change s proved to be highly important in terms of politics. Due to the electoral factors, the maximum seats in the region belonged to the Democratic Party. DISCUSSIONS On the basis of the brief overview that has been presented above, it can be seen that the increasing population was one of the main reasons behind the reapportionment and redistricting in the Nevada state. It is believed that the interests of the minorities and urbanization will increase in the region in such a way that the politicians take an advantage of it. It has been seen that population is not one of the most important factors that results in apportionment or redistricting of any states in the U.S. the population in a country migrates from one part to another and therefore leads in changing the political preferences. In many cases, it is believed that the apportionment should be done on the basis of the number of population in that particular area. The most basic formula that is used to carry out the process of the apportionment also works on this factor only. In cases when the number of seats or representatives is less or high in comparison to the population of that area, it i s termed as misapportionment or malapportionment. However, in case of the United States, it is a rule that there have to be two seats in each senate irrespective of the population, geography or demography in that region. Also, after each census’s result, the process of apportionment has to take place in the United States of America. Since, the population in the Nevada region increased, with the process of apportionment, one additional seat was given to this region. However, this criterion holds true only for the lower house. The process of apportionment of the upper house is carried out through several other processes. (Crocker, 2011) The impact of the process of apportionment holds a lot of importance when it is done on the basis of the population distribution in the states. Since the number of people belonging to a particular region or state is more in comparison to any other state, it becomes important that they are paid more attention in the House of Representatives as well as the senate. Obviously the least populated areas of the cities are often at a loss in comparison to the benefits that are enjoyed by the highly populated areas of the city or county. The concept of misapportionment is highly prominent in the country but it does not in any way confer to the benefits attributed by its defenders. It is seen that misapportionment has often lead to different views of people. The minorities often have proved to be the biggest sufferers in the course of this process. The number of minority groups in the country is quite high. However, the representation to these minorities is only given in the smaller states whi ch are considered to be unnecessary. One more argument that is prevalent in this regard is that the senate was formed only to protect the rights of the residents living in smaller state which is not accurate in any case. In comparison to the senate, the house of the representatives is considered to be way more balanced in this regard. (Brown, 2014) After discussing the benefits that are associated with the apportionment, it is also important that we pay some attention to the costs associated with it. As per the census of 2010, it was seen that around a quarter of the country’s population resides in the states of New York, California and Texas itself. The biggest political disadvantage associated here is that the political candidates face a lot of arduous issues in winning a seat in the constituencies which is larger in size as well as in terms of population. However, this expense stays to a minimum level in smaller states. Apart from campaigning, the process of fund raising too isn’t an easy task for the contenders in bigger states. Due to this, the contenders in the smaller states often win by a larger percentage in comparison to their counter colleagues in larger states. The advantages given to the senators of smaller states often help in augmentation of their influence in comparison to the other senators. (Damo re, 2012) CONCLUSIONS Seeing all the above made arguments, it is seen that there is a strong need of a new convention of the constitution. The abandoning or reducing the powers of the senate can be a good process in this direction. Also, apportionment should be done on the basis of the needs of the people living in a particular area as well. Although population holds an important place in this entire process, it is important that work is done on other areas as well. Judicial intervention is considered to play a very important role in this process thus leading to a fair process of equal state apportionment. It is important to pay attention on the demographic as well as the geographic factors of every state. With the visible trend, we can see that Nevada would surely see a rise in the population in the next census and therefore, it will become important to take a note of the needs of various groups and communities of people living in that area. Another factor that needs to be mentioned here is that the popu lation of the U.S. is increasing at a drastic rate. However, the number of members in the House of Representatives and the senate has not increased with the same pace. This clearly shows that the number of leaders to represent the people of various areas is insufficient. In the states like Nevada, the rate of growth of population in the last decade was almost 35% but the number of seat added to the state was only one which sounds inappropriate. There are a lot of rules mentioned in the constitution regarding the process of apportionment. But the number of amendments made in this regard is quite low. The leaders of the leading parties need to become more lenient in this direction. On the basis of the discussions made above, it can be clearly concluded that there are benefits as well as costs that are associated with the process of apportionment in the United State of America. It is also believed that with the course of time, work will be done in the areas in order to cure the disadva ntages that are associated with the process of apportionment in respect to the population of various cities and counties in the states. (Burnett, 2011)

Impact of Stakeholder Management on Construction Industry

Impact of Stakeholder Management on Construction Industry 1.0 Introduction/Background Project management is an evolving discipline which is relatively new in both practice and academics hence knowledge is drawn from other disciplines to further advance both theory and practice in managing projects. Consequently this research will draw from different academic disciplines for its theory and the construction industry for its practice. To this end a project could be described as a strategy used by organisations to achieve its strategic goal, the strategy could be suggested to have a start and an end date (Turner 2009 p.20; Holton 2002 p.10-2). It could also be suggested that the word organisation in the above definition by Turner 2009 could be called the project stakeholder. Olanda and Landin (2005 p.321) defined project stakeholders as a  ¦group of people who have a vested interest in the success of a project and the environment within which the project operates. This research is focused on investigating the impact of stakeholder management and its contribution to project success in the construction industry. It could be suggested that the use of PMs life cycle phases be adopted for the entire project plan as seen in figure 1 below. Figure -Project Lifecycle The project initiation phase of this report will include proposing a project research topic, assigning a project supervisor or project sponsor and proposing a research plan. While the project planning phase will include reviewing of the available project materials and the execution phase will involve writing up the literature review and project methodology. Handover and closeout will involve submitting the final report to supervisor and award of Msc degree in Project Management. Lessons learnt could be suggested to be the feedback and experience gained in during the research. 1.2 Project Context Project Context could be suggested to be the setting in which a project is carried out (ApmBok 2009). In relation to the above description, the aim of this research is in agreement with the above suggestion (Achterkamp and Vis 2008 pg 749). 1.3 Project Rationale 1.3.1 Academic Rationale The academic research into project stakeholders has been attractive and extensive to researchers and professionals. Evidence shows that the construction industry accounts directly for 10% GDP growth in the UK (Cridland and Wates 2009 p.5),this goes to justify the need to investigate the impact of stakeholder management and its contribution to project success in the construction industry and also fulfil the academic requirement of the award of Masters Degree. 1.3.2 Business Rationale The economic implications for any organisation if projects fail will be devastating considering the above report by Wates and Cridland (2009 p5), this report shows that the construction industry account for 10% GDP growth. Project failure of any kind in the current economic climate will cost the organization its finance and jobs e.g. BP deep horizon in the US Gulf Coast where the collapse of a well led to fatalities which in-turn increased BPs financial burden. 1.3.3 Personal Rationale It could be suggested that as a project management professional, embarking on this research will help one better understand the principles of stakeholder management. The knowledge gained from this research will clarify any unanswered questions at the end of this research. 1.4 Aim and Objectives This research is aimed at: Investigating the impact of stakeholder management and its contribution to project success in the construction industry Objectives To explore the principles of stakeholder management and project success. To assess the benefits and challenges of stakeholder management. To correlate a relationship between stakeholder management and project success. To propose a strategy for measuring the impact of stakeholder management thereby assessing its impact on project success. To make recommendations for improved stakeholder management practices. 1.4.2 Project Scope According to Burke (2003 p. 104) project scope identifies when a project has been successfully completed within specified requirement. The scope for this project will involve activities such as writing the literature review, research methodology and drawing on the findings of the above mentioned activities to come up with a conclusion and recommendation. The scope of this research excludes the execution of the primary research. 1.4.3 Project Deliverables Project deliverables for this research is suggested to be the outcome of the report at every stage of the lifecycle (ApmBok 2009 p.135). The deliverables as shown in Table 1 are generalised and subject to being revised at the end of this report. Table Project deliverables Deliverables Description Project Research Plan Introduction/ Background Project Context and Project Rationale Project Definition Project Approach Research Project Schedule Resource Requirements Ethical Considerations Literature Review Research of theory and practice within the construction industry Project Approach or Methodology It involves the description of the process in the collection and evaluation of data that will be used to achieve the overall aim and objectives of this report. Project Proposal This involves outlining a research proposal from the finding and the analysis done in the project approach section. Conclusion and Recommendation This section involves the final summation of all the data used and presenting recommendation(s) where necessary. 1.4.4 Assumption, Constraints and Considerations Assumptions The project will be delivered on time, quality and within budget. The literature / materials needed to complete the project will be readily available. That the project aim and objectives will be met at the end of the project. Constraints The time required by the sponsor to complete the report. Combining three live projects at the same period. i.e. CPD, Group placement and dissertation. Considerations That the report will inspire its readers to proceed towards a primary research. That there will be more research into the impact of project stakeholders and its contribution to project success within the construction industry. 1.5 Initial Literature Review 1.5.1 Stakeholder Management Project stakeholders have been widely discussed in various project management literatures. Fewings (2005 p.34) described project stakeholders as people that their interest could affect the outcome of the project while Olanda and Landin (2005 p.321) agues that although project stakeholders are group of people with different interest in a particular project, they are also interested in a successful outcome no matter the level of interest. Since this research will be focusing on stakeholder management, McElroy and Mills (2007 p.270) suggested that stakeholder management deals with the relationships between stakeholders within projects. This relationship must be developed and structured so as to achieve a successful outcome. McElroy and Mills (2007 p.270) description of stakeholder management is convincing because different bodies of knowledge are yet to agree on a particular description for stakeholder management. Fewings (2005) and Olanda Landin (2005) perspectives on project stakeholders in relation to stakeholder management is valid in that all agreed that stakeholders are made up of more than one individual, so managing this relationship as described by McElroy and Mills (2007 p.270) will determine if a project is a success or a failure . 1.5.2 Project Success Yu et al. (2005) suggested that a: Project  is a success if its created product adds value to the client, considering the cost to the client at the point of acceptance While there is no definite definition to what project success is or what will be the best way to define success, this report would look into critical success criteria used in the construction industry to determine when a project is successful. The ApmBok (2009) defined project success as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the satisfaction of stakeholder needs measured by the success criteria as identified and agreed at the start of the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1.6 Project Research Approach In this section it could be suggested that a proposed research approach be developed, this approach would be aligned with the project aim and objectives. To achieve the above this report has identified two methods or type of research, this are the Primary and Secondary research. A primary research entails the collection of new data or expansion of existing theories in project management body of knowledge. This could be achieved by using the following methods: the use of questionnaires, sampling and survey. Data for this research would be collected though documentary research. This involves analysing various literatures relating to the research; given that this research is a secondary research, a qualitative method will be employed. 1.6.1 Ethical Consideration Sekaran (2000, p17) defined ethics as a code of conduct or expected societal norm of behaviour while conducting a research or project . Below in table 2 are the ethical considerations used to compile this research. Table -Ethical Consideration This research was carefully structured to avoid any misrepresentation or distortion of data collected. All information used for this research was adequately referenced to avoid plagiarism. This report was written with due respect for the subject and authors All information used for this report is in line with universities academic guidelines. Sekaran ( 2000, p.261) 1.7 Project Planning / Report Schedule Burke (2003, p.94) defined project schedule as  ¦a process required to ensure that various elements of the project are properly managed and controlledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The project schedule will be used to assign expected start date and expected finish date. The schedule is in a Gantt chart, this could be suggested to be in agreement with (Burke 2003) definition. See Appendix 1 for more details. 1.8 Project Resource Requirements and Budget The resources required for a successful completion of this project is listed in Table 2 and the cost estimate that would apply to both primary and secondary research is in Table 3 Figure -Resources Requirement Human Resources Description Hours Researcher Researcher would carry out a secondary research and prepare a primary research plan to be used to further analyse the project aim 600 Academic supervisor The academic supervisor would give guidance, review and monitor project to ascertain if the project is within scope. 60 Project sponsor The project sponsor and management would be need during an actual primary research. 100 Table Project Budget Activity Budget Source Cost for Researcher and supervisor  £3000 RGU and Sponsor Printing of dissertation and buying of CD drives ( hard and soft copies)  £200 Researcher and Sponsor (in the case of a primary Research) Transport is Dependent on the location of the organisation and RGU library Not Determined at present Researcher and Sponsor 1.8.1 Risk Matrix Risk management is a key area in APM and PMI bodies of knowledge; projects are often associated with one form of risk or another (Raz Michael 2000), controlling this risk is an important task for any researcher. To this end, this report will take a proactive role in controlling risks associated to this project by developing a risk plan which can be seen in Table 4

An Analysis of Arthur Links Book, Woodrow Wilson Revolution, War, and

In his book, â€Å"Woodrow Wilson Revolution, War, and Peace† by Arthur Link, Link walks step by step through President Woodrow Wilson’s career beginning from the time he was born and focuses on his role during and after World War I. Through his entire book, Link acts as an apologist for the actions of Wilson as well as argues against the opinions of other historians. Link speaks about Wilson almost as if he idolizes him; as if despite what other historians and public opinion might say that he can do no wrong. Link starts his book by giving details on Wilson’s life starting in Staunton, Virginia on December 29, 1856 when Wilson was born.(Link.pg1) Wilson was a scholar. He attended Davidson College and Princeton University. Next, he attended University of Virginia where he studied law. Finally, Wilson studied political science and history at John Hopkins University. Next, with his numerous degrees and extensive knowledge, Wilson taught at a verity of universities between 1885 and 1902, as well as being the dean of a graduate school in 1910. (Link.pg1). Finally in 1912 Wilson ran for president of the United States and won. According to Link, Wilson served two consecutive terms totaling eight years in office. During his time in office Wilson faced quite a few hardships, but perhaps the most significant event that Wilson was consumed in was World War I. From the beginning of his presidency Wilson was always looking ahead for long term goals and had a strong faith in democracy. Wilson had always had an interest in foreign affairs and policies, and was determined to end US isolation through practice of fair trade. (Link.pg3) Wilson took a personal role in foreign affairs as well as ones on the US home front. He was also extremely an... ...dows them greatly. Link’s book was published in 1979 and was written based upon privet manuscript collections, government archives from the U.S, Brittan, France and Germany, as well as newspapers. Link also reaches from monographs, biographies, and articles from numerous colleagues. (Link.pg 129) Each of these sources are solid and reliable sources, and were well used to put together a book packed with information on Woodrow Wilson’s life. Link uses many firsthand accounts from Wilson himself, but seems almost suspicious of accounts that were not presented first hand. Though Link is extremely selective in what he chose to present, the book clearly presents these facts, but has a very bias opinion of Wilson as discussed earlier. Link’s evidence, though selective, fits nicely in the monograph and makes the aspects of Wilson that he does cover clear and easy to read An Analysis of Arthur Link's Book, Woodrow Wilson Revolution, War, and In his book, â€Å"Woodrow Wilson Revolution, War, and Peace† by Arthur Link, Link walks step by step through President Woodrow Wilson’s career beginning from the time he was born and focuses on his role during and after World War I. Through his entire book, Link acts as an apologist for the actions of Wilson as well as argues against the opinions of other historians. Link speaks about Wilson almost as if he idolizes him; as if despite what other historians and public opinion might say that he can do no wrong. Link starts his book by giving details on Wilson’s life starting in Staunton, Virginia on December 29, 1856 when Wilson was born.(Link.pg1) Wilson was a scholar. He attended Davidson College and Princeton University. Next, he attended University of Virginia where he studied law. Finally, Wilson studied political science and history at John Hopkins University. Next, with his numerous degrees and extensive knowledge, Wilson taught at a verity of universities between 1885 and 1902, as well as being the dean of a graduate school in 1910. (Link.pg1). Finally in 1912 Wilson ran for president of the United States and won. According to Link, Wilson served two consecutive terms totaling eight years in office. During his time in office Wilson faced quite a few hardships, but perhaps the most significant event that Wilson was consumed in was World War I. From the beginning of his presidency Wilson was always looking ahead for long term goals and had a strong faith in democracy. Wilson had always had an interest in foreign affairs and policies, and was determined to end US isolation through practice of fair trade. (Link.pg3) Wilson took a personal role in foreign affairs as well as ones on the US home front. He was also extremely an... ...dows them greatly. Link’s book was published in 1979 and was written based upon privet manuscript collections, government archives from the U.S, Brittan, France and Germany, as well as newspapers. Link also reaches from monographs, biographies, and articles from numerous colleagues. (Link.pg 129) Each of these sources are solid and reliable sources, and were well used to put together a book packed with information on Woodrow Wilson’s life. Link uses many firsthand accounts from Wilson himself, but seems almost suspicious of accounts that were not presented first hand. Though Link is extremely selective in what he chose to present, the book clearly presents these facts, but has a very bias opinion of Wilson as discussed earlier. Link’s evidence, though selective, fits nicely in the monograph and makes the aspects of Wilson that he does cover clear and easy to read

newspaper reader ship :: essays research papers fc

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The world is in turmoil,† at least that is what the media projected. But it was true; there was a major problem with the world on that autumn morning in September 11th. â€Å"The mighty have fallen,† was heard elsewhere as this great nation of America felt it’s first real attack since December 7, 1945 when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. As all of the nations of the world sat slacked jawed and paralyzed, the American media worked at a feverish pace to inform all what had just happened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media did a wonderful job portraying the events that took place during and after September 11th. Especially the newspapers, with the up to the minute news processing and gathering for up to the minute news. They even at times collaborated with other news sources so that they were able to be a main source for news.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newspapers is the only news mass media that has been there for every major disaster that America has gone through. The Revolutionary war used newspapers for the most up-to-date information for those whose family was fighting far off; it was even used to inform the cities of what was happening with the current government. Then there was the Civil War, and not to mention the deaths of Presidents. Newspapers have covered from behind the lines during battles. They were even there for even the saddest of moments when great people have passed on such as President John F. Kennedy and Princess Diana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newspapers have covered lots of news over the years and have had a lot of readers. But is it because of these disasters that newspapers are still around? Has the tragedy of September 11th helped to improve Sunday newspaper readership? Sunday Newspaper Readership   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to â€Å"Newspaper Association of America† there was a steady decline in Sunday readership before and continuing through the year 2000. Readers whether part time or full time newspaper readers were just not picking up their papers anymore. AT least 18% of all readers have started to read less or have decided not to pick up the paper all together. This continuous downfall has not just affected the occasional reader; it has affected every type from the hardcore to the infrequent reader. It is hard to reach the Sunday reader or even the potential reader to find out what they like to read in the newspaper since most of the time the reader is a one time a week reader or even an occasional reader.

Counselling Theory Essay

Critically evaluate the practical use of person-Centred theory and its limitations as suggested by its critics. How does Person-Centred theory and practice differ from two other models and what ways if any is it similar? Carl Roger’s, the founder of the Person Centered theory came to his vision through his own life journey and relationship with clients as a psychologist. He believed in the potential being realised in all of us under the right core conditions (congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy) culminating in the actualising tendency: Rogers advocated that there is a tendency within all humans, animals and plants, to move toward completion or fulfilment of potentials, i.e., wholeness. Individuals must develop the concept of self and the awareness of their experiences becoming the person’s self perception and the perception of the organismic self (the true-self). (htt//webspace.ship/edu/cgboer/rogers.htm accessed 28/2/2008) Argument that this is not an argument that can sustain itself†¦.the potato and we are not potato. Roger’s was of the oponion that when there are incongruences between the ideal self and the self concept the more an individual will be fragmented and dysfunctional. Most of our conditions of worth have been set in place by the conditions and experiences of our upbringing and predominantly by parents or initial carers. Positive self regard is important and brought about by positive regard, a need for love and contact with another person where conditions of worth do not determine a persons self-esteem. If you do this then I will love you, hence you can only be successful if you fulfil other peoples expectations .The importance of self positive regard means you are freed from others peoples goals and expectations of you. Therefore you are more likely to fulfil your own expectations and become the whole person, a person you wish to be, an existence that should be harmonious and balanced and actualise the organismic self. ‘The counsellor should relate, not as a scientist to an object of study, not as physician expecting to diagnose and cure but as a person to a person.’ The counsellor must feel the client to be a person of unconditional self worth which means the client is valued whatever his feelings, behaviour and condition. When the counsellor is genuine and congruent and not attempting to hide behind a curtain of himself, touching  with experiences that are understood in his organismic self , and this will enable the counsellor to fully enter into this relationship regardless of where it may lead. ( Rodgers p.185 2004) As the client becomes aware that he/she is accepted unconditionally the process begins and this exploration is possible because the client becomes less threatened at damaging the old structured self he/she had previously been protecting. The client may start to experience emotions more fully which creates a congruence in himself that he is these feelings in all their intensity. Hence, he discovers himself more freely and this constructive change will be reflected in the clients newly experiencing self. Critiques of Rogers’s person-centred therapy begin with his basic conception of human nature as tending toward the good and the healthy. Some critics of Rogers’s theories have difficulty with the concept that therapists can, or should, establish a relationship of unconditional positive regard in the case of dangerously violent persons. There is doubt how parents might put into practice some of these ideas when bringing up children whose behaviour can be difficult and not show any outward appearance of disapproval. http://www.enotes.com/carl-rogers-criticism/rogers-carl accessed on 5/3/2012) The â€Å"organismic valuing process,† sometimes described as an internal monitor of a person’s experiences in life that, under favourable circumstances, allows the development of healthy men or women possessing optimum self-esteem and an accurate sense of who they â€Å"really are† as well as who they would ideally like to become. The obstacle to this development, according to Rogers, are conditions are those generally inflicted early in childhood in which the individual is denied â€Å"unconditional positive regard† and is thereby influenced by either positive or negative â€Å"conditions of worth† which instils values and behaviours that are at odds with a person’s organismic valuing process. The result of exposure to these conditions of worth is the development of individuals who look to the approval of others for their sense of identity rather than finding it within themselves. Consequently serious conflicts arise within the personality between its natural organismic valuing process and its perception of conditions of worth that are alien to it. Such conflicts are the source of the vast array of neurotic symptoms and disorders that have been catalogued since the  inception of psychology as a professional discipline. In order to cure his patients, whom he called â€Å"clients† so as to relate to them in a more equitable manner than did doctors or traditional psychoanalysts, Rogers provided them with the unconditional positive regard they were denied previously by practicing â€Å"nondirective† techniques of therapy that avoided communicating to the client the judgmental or interpretive conditions to which they had already been subjected in life and which were only perpetuated in other therapeutic methods, especially psychoanalysis. A technique of nondirective therapy is â€Å"reflection,† , the therapist literally restating, or reflecting back, what the clients have said so that they themselves may become pro-active and insightful in their own rehabilitation, discovering who they are and the type of person they would have become without the conditioning from others. There is the argument here too that it is an impossibility that we can evolve without any sort of conditioning a point critics love to get their teeth into, especially in our modern society. In On Becoming a Person Rogers explains it as this â€Å"Unless I had a need to demonstrate my own cleverness and learning, I would do better to rely upon the client for the direction of movement.† Roger’s felt that this empowerment by the client gave them the opportunity to attain the highest goal of â€Å"getting in touch with themselves. As Freud himself recognised, it is when the client comes to a realisation (interpretation) themselves that they most embrace it. The therapist can help the client to find the insight, but he cannot â€Å"give† it to him. This points to the valuable nature of the clients own discovery being of paramount importance in the healing process and not being ‘told’. ( A real high five here for person-centred!) However there are criticisms to Rogers technique of non-directivity. Most of these critiques have pre-conceived views that it is impossible for anyone to operate from this perspective and some dismiss the fundamental assumptions of the approach (actualising tendency, self-authority and self-directivity of the client).Lietaer’s (1998) work illustrates this, as he puts the client-centred therapist in the role of expert of ‘the process which is part based on Gendlin’s experiencing theory, seeing the therapist as expert. Cain (1986)although a promoter of the person centred theory takes the position which is identified as ‘instrumental non-directivity, in which  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnon-directivity is important as long as it is useful intending the intervention only as a suggestion. Again this is taken up by another ( Khan (1999)who suggests ‘ the therapists authority is endorsed with the rationalization that the client is allowed to agree or disagree, ignore or confir m the therapists input’. This theory is alien to Rogers since the locus of control is switched to the therapist as intervention is defined as doing something to interfere in order to hinder or alter actions or behaviour. Maria Bowen a close friend and colleague of Roger’s suggested that non-directivity is a myth. In Roger’s interview with ‘JILL’ she considers a number of Rogers responses as interpretive and directive. She also concludes that Rogers seemed to avoid the ‘dark’ side and evaluated 25 of Roger’s therapy interviews to assess the idea that he operated on a positive bias based upon the question, ‘Did Carl Rogers positive of human nature bias his psychotherapy’. Interestingly enough, the findings showed that Rogers tended to veer more towards responding to the negative than to the positive client statements. Non-directivity does not necessarily lie in the particular responses which come from the person of the therapist. At this point I will look at a more directive module of therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy known as CBT. It originated from Sigmund Freud’s pioneering therapeutic approach to individuals who had suffered childhood sexual abuse in 1895, which involved retelling the traumatic event in order to release repressed emotions. This type of therapy involves cognitive and behavioural techniques whereby clients are encouraged and taught ways to change their thought patterns and expectations and relaxation techniques are used. It is often used for phobias, obsessions, eating disorders, stress related ailments and major depression(sometimes in conjunction with drug treatment).There are various techniques that focus on problem solving, such as homework, diary cards and behavioural analysis. Some patients do not respond well to change and feel their suffering and apparent loss of control over their lives were not understood which has more recently led to the introduction of dialectical b ehavioural therapy. This is described as an acceptance strategy that acknowledges clients behaviour (e.g. .drinking , drug use, self-harm )was the only way the person could deal with certain emotions. Cognitive therapy uses the power of the mind in influencing behaviour. The basis of the theory proposes that previous experience can  damage self image and this can affect attitude emotions and ability to deal with certain issues and life situations. The therapist helps the client to identify, question and change poor mental images of themselves that may help to resolve current negative responses and behaviour, resulting in more positive attitudes and optimistic life view. Person centred therapy also acknowledges that previous life experiences alter self images resulting in negative responses but allows the client to identify, question these and challenge their particular negative responses and behaviour. This comes back to the premise of non-directivity which ultimately is empowering for the client. CBT states that PCT will not be able to access certain suppressed emotion due to the tremendous trauma the brain has endured in the first place.and not be sufficient getting the patient past denial, getting the patient to discover suppressed emotion, and a therapist must be strong, they must push the patient, they must get them agitated in order to provoke the raw emotion that certain trauma locks away. A PCT environment does not achieve any of these things, and only draws the conclusion of lengthening the CBT treatment itself beyond what should be needed. CBT is an assertive therapy, and must be delivered especially in relation to trauma PTSD. CBT is often performed from 10 – 12 sessions, though can go for up-to 12 months if the trauma is of a more complex nature. Beyond this time limit it is presumed something is wrong; either the patient isn’t working hard enough, or the therapist isn’t delivering and pushing the patient to work hard enough. The real pluses for CBT, is that a majority of the structure can be delivered in a group environment, hence limiting the one-on-one patient / therapist time and achieving greater through put of patients, without disregard for end results. [7] CBT can also be used effectively by changing the delivery to suit children of any age, without losing effective purpose or outcomes. [8] CBT can be delivered online, through Internet Therapy known as Interapy, using a mixture of online tasks and electronic interaction with the therapist. These clear advantages are making it far more popular as the tool of choice with trauma specialists in relation to PTSD.(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). A study using neuro-imaging in anxiety disorders concluded that CBT physically affects the brain, specifically in the areas of empathy and forgiveness. Neuro-imaging also identified that CBT in combination with prescribed drugs that the two integrated to work collectively together in order to help open specific pathways within the brain helping regulate the dysfunctional neural circuits involved with the regulation of negative emotions and fear extinction. This again may only be temporary and there are no many medications that are being tested (but not always sufficiently) and prescribed that it will take quite a few years before we know the full impact of these substances on the mind body and spirit of the recipients. To use an analog from an article on various modules of counselling he suggests the human heart-mind could be compared to a concrete yard. The concrete represents the barrier, the defence mechanisms, between the conscious and the unconscious The weeds that grow through the cracks are the difficult thoughts. CBT tries to pull up the weeds as soon as they appear. But the cracks remain and so does the soil beneath, so the weeds keep coming through, naturally. Under pressure more cracks will appear and more weeds – just as for a person under pressure will see their negative thoughts multiply and grow . to block the weeds (and avoid harmful chemical spray: anti-depressants and tranquilisers) you need to tackle the problem at source: where the weeds are coming from, what is going on beneath the concrete. At the deeper levels of the self there are unconscious dynamics that need insight to be resolved .Hence why short term and pharmacology are not necessarily effective in the long term. In contrast to the CBT approach, it is through a basically person-centred approach, already outlined, that the person can be lead in this kind of deep, insight-based work.. No study exists to measure what clinicians claim and know from experience, due to the time based requirements involved on follow-up assessment five, or ten years later. There are then so many factors within such a time frame that would be insufficient to prove one method over the other clinically, ie. re-exposure to stressors, lifestyle changes, etc. Unfortunately due to these life restrictions, studies are typically only demonstrated for short-term gain vs. clinical experience where patients are monitored over years via feedback. | In the summary of the 2008  meta-analysis by Robert Elliot and Elizabeth Freire (Person-Centred/Experiential Therapies Are Highly Effective) looked at 78 studies where PCE therapies were compared to CBT, including 63 RCT’s (Randomised Clinical Trials). Apparently when all the PCE therapies were analysed they seemed to be slightly less effective than CBT . However when meta-analysis statistically controlled for the theoretical orientation of the researcher, otherwise known as researcher allegiance, the effects disappeared as the research was found to be bias which can be quite common in treatment research. After this other studies were done and to see if the superiority would decrease in relation to other supportive therapies and PCE therapies. It was found that pure PCT was statically equivalent in effectiveness to CBT, even without doing any control for researcher allegiance. They concluded that important PCE therapists do their own outcome research and ‘not trust watered down versions of what we do’as Roger’s said ‘the facts are friendly’ which is the legitimate version of Person-Centred Therapy. Transpersonal psychology was one of the first self- declared transpersonal academic disciplines to develop in the late 1960’s and 1970’s. It was building upon earlier studies into psychology of religion and mysticism by William James amongst others and from psychodynamic theorists (Jung and Assagioli) and humanistic psychology (Maslov). It focussed on the exploration of the higher reaches of human nature and experiences often influencing by Eastern religions, philosophies and practices. Transpersonal means ‘beyond’ or ‘through’ the personal, whereby our normal self is transcended resulting in a sense of connection to a larger, more meaningful reality.Transpersonal counselling is varied but are often based on Jungian, Person-Centred, Psychosynthesis, Buddhist, Holotropic principles, to name a few. Important focus’s in transpersonal counselling would be the some of the following: Is there life after death? How can I achieve greater happiness and fulfilment? What is enlightenment? How can I be more creative? Science is also now making headway to show that everything is interconnected in a beneficial mixture of experience.(e.g. Quantum psychiatry, physics and biology: a foetus still carries a cellular record of the agonizing experience and an enormous amount of pent up emotions and physi cal energies.) Transpersonal counsellors may used various methods and could appear directive or non directive and may  also practice meditation or guided fantasies and other creative pursuits. The processes are varied too ( from spiritiual healing and emergence to kundalini awakenings and mediumship.) For example spiritual emergence may be triggered by trauma, stress, illness, life changing events, immature spiritual practice or drugs. Spiritual emergence is considered to be an spiritual opportunity and transformation but can be very overwhelming and often indistinguishable from psychosis. This is why the understanding of a particular approach is essential because a person with these symptoms could be embraced by the therapist that believes it is a part of spiritual growth and by another therapist possibly put on medication and branded a pschizophrenic. it seems like the essence of transpersonal therapy is the valuing of the wholeness of being and self-realization on all levels and all the experi ences that a person has are valuable. Sensitivity to individuals beliefs and practices and major frames of reference are dismissed. Hence why Rogers and the transpersonal are similar in their embracing of the persons frame of reference. Another consideration may be atheist may object to seeing a transpersonal therapist and a religious or spiritual person may feel the need to be seen by therapist with similar spiritual beliefs. When religious belief systems can often be such major identity issues for clients it is important not to be dismissive as some therapeutic disciplines can be. Jesus, Mohammed, Buddha, Ramakrishna were diagnosed more recently as schizophrenic psychotics, hysterics or epileptics .and the famous psychoanalyst Franz Alexander described Buddhist meditation as ‘artificial catatonia’, which I personally find quite offensive! .Transpersonal combines the awakening of personal awareness and intuition (non-rational knowing)with the body’s ability to heal itself through compassionate self support. Some transpersonal experiences are ‘deep connection and love with other people, a sense of sacredness, euphoria, memories of previous life/lives , creative inspirations, out of body and death/birth experiences. I think that Person centred approach is also geered for creating a journey for personal awareness and intuition with the congruent nature of the discipline and the conditions that are at the core of Roger’s goal of the harmonious self.Techniques may be taught and supported explicitly in the therapy session and, at times shifts in consciousness may be cultivated to allow the individual to develop immediate  insight and inspiration that may not be available through more conventional means. This may provide clients with a skill they can practice on their own. Rogers speaks of something similar as he feels ‘‘all in one piece’ as he ‘settles into’ a holistic mode of perception. Losing awareness of his surroundings and even the sense of time, he demonstrates that he is experiencing , by definition, an altered state of consciousness’ ( Ludwig 1967) He states himself ‘he was able to be more aware , not less, aware than at other times. He states that he ‘never felt as whole or as much a person’ than he did in his therapeutic interviews. In 1961 he commented that ‘when there is this complete unity, singleness, fullness of experiencing in the relationship, then it acquires the ‘out –of-this-world’ quality which therapists have remarked upon, a sort of trance like feeling in the relationship from which both the client and he emerge at the end of the hour, as if from a deep well or tunnel. He spoke of his inner spirit reaching out and touching the inner spirit of the other and the relationship transcending itself, becoming part of something larger where he found profound growth, healing and energy were present.(Rogers p.202) Transpersonal experiences of psychological death, rebirth and oneness, with other people, with nature and the entire universe and the cosmic consciousness can reduce the level of aggression, increase compassion and tolerance and ultimately lead to high ecological awareness, an optimal strategy to lead a fulfilling life and a productive contribution to the collective well-being. This sounds very much like the fully-functioning person Rogers speaks of, the creative and free being that becomes that potential in its fullness in the cosmic picture.Rogers had a definite relationship with transpersonal ideologies although he did not become a transpersonal psychologist he seemed congenial to it, especially in his role in the humanistic psychology, his visits to mediums and attempts to explain his own mediumistic experiences in psychotherapy in the new age language. He was curious and experimental with the transpersonal but he remained a client centred psychotherapist.   CONCLUSION FOR THEORY ESSAY Moreover, Rogers’s work continues to serve as a foundation for the counseling profession (Capuzzi & Gross, 2001; Gibson & Mitchell, 1999; Gladding, 2000; Nugent, 2000). It also plays a major part in the practice of  the vast number of counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists who describe their practice as â€Å"eclectic† or â€Å"integrative,† including the client-centered approach as a major component in their repertoire (Aspy, Aspy, Russel, & Wedel, 2000; Bergin & Garfield, 1994; Sharf, 2000). But Rogers’s influence extends beyond the field of psychology, just as the career of the man did during his lifetime. While some of Rogers’s critics felt that his theory was superficial (DeMott 1979), overly optimistic, and underestimated the capacity for human evil (May, 1982), the simplicity of his message and his unyielding belief in the strength and power of human potential is carried on in humanistic and transpersonal fields today (Sha rf, 2000; Cowley, 1993). At best, Rogers’s detractors claim, his ideas may be applied only among a limited range of clients, specifically those suffering from the milder forms of neurosis, acknowledging that while person-centred therapy may prove no more effective than any other method, it has yet to demonstrate that it is harmful in any way. Despite such criticisms, Rogers’s theory of personality and his therapeutic methodology continue to gain adherents and have become among the most widely influential trends in the history of psychology.(http://www.enotes.com/carl-rogers-criticism/rogers-carl accessed on 5/3/2012) And Finally, ‘This new world will be more human and humane. It will explore and develop the richness and capacities of the human mind and spirit. It will produce individuals who are more integrated and whole. It will be a world that prizes the individual person—the greatest of our resources.’ (Rogers, 1980, p. 356)

“Heroic Journey” in “Secret life of the Bees” Essay

The classic tale of the zeps jaunt can be recognized in to the highest degree both(prenominal) situation. It is non provided apparent by miserlys of daily vivification and historical events, besides in this circumstance, a fictional novel, as headspring. As an epic voyage, it can be recognized in the vast volume of books with expose the course of history. One specialised use where it is carefully and intricately exhibited is in Sue monk Kidds novel, The mystical Life of Bees, in which a sm e precise last(predicate) chars search for adoption and the truth becomes a heart-warming account statement. Through the obstacles and mountain she meets, Lily is satisfactory to familiarity the trials and self-fulfilling incidents that are needful in the heros field day she eccentricakes in.In the low gear step of the monomyth, the look for to adventure, Lily has had a look, up to this point, of pain and scurvy for she has grown up with the implication that she hitman her induce. Addition tout ensembley, her novice, T. ray of light uninterruptedly abused her by making her work for him firearm ignoring her very(prenominal) existence. Lily was thoroughly deprived of her childhood, as well as her innocence, for her begetters effect indignation towards her only compounded the situation. She begins to infer that in order for her to break wanton of the oppressive life she has and realize her potential, she essential leave al superstar, in search of the answer to the executement that has perpetually haunted her who was her develop, and what really happened to her?Lily genus Melissa Owens, your jar is openIn a matter of seats I k peeled exactly what to do- leave (Kidd 41). Lily k in a flashs T. electron beam is an abusive father, and that she allow neer be fitting to ascertain who she or her fuck take away is without making her locomote. This is represented by the cut through of collect for self, in the end Lilys main mission finishedout the book, through exploration of the Jungian collective unconscious mind of her generate, she consequently catch outs the answers she is flavor for.In the tolerate up step of the monomyth, the refusal of the call, Lily is on the precipice of departure and forsaking of T. Ray, when she momentarily hesitates. This is the man who do the root 14 years of her life a hellish torture, and yet she is reluctant to tell from him. And s aliked a moment in the centre of attention of the means, windering if Id of all time name it again. Goodbye, I said, and thither was a tiny sprig of sadness force up from myheart (Kidd 42). Implicitly, she knows that a part of her leave die when she leaves his house, for she will be cut across the scepter between conquest and self- determination and reliance.She recognizes that her entire life is contained in that house, and when she leaves, she is abandoning not only her father, hardly withal the life she once had. L ily knows she probably will neer see her theme again, and indeed she is melancholy with the conflict this represents. This is epitomized by the archetype of the innocent child. While she tries to depart and after win a decision for herself, the burden of that choice becomes apparent to Lily. She is merely a child ill equipped for much(prenominal) conclusions and her hesitation allows us to witness the child- inter transformable goodness that lies deep down. It is the innocence that makes her spacious for the mom she neer had.In the third step of the monomyth, magical aid, Lily walks down the street past from her home with capital uncertainty and no prospects, for she has no humor where to go, who to go with, and how to get there. However, everything changes for Lily when she apace devises a strategy to break Rosaleen out of jail and a plan for a destination. When her stupefy died, all she had left of her was a box full of memorabilia and testifys, one of which had the call up of a town written on the back. Taking this as supernatural hallow from above, she bases an important life decision from the back of this icon. Suddenly I stood unperturbed. Tiburon, South Carolina. Of course. The town was written on the back of the dispirited bloody shame Picture (Kidd 43).Henceforth, Lily had a horse sense of direction in her quest to find her baffle, something to put hope in, that she was ever appressed to reuniting with her, in Tiburon. Hope is Lilys only real reason to keep wardrobe forward. This part of the monomyth is represented by the archetype of the fairy idol set astir(predicate) or the guardian angel. bloody shame is a perpetual messenger of divinity fudge, a virtuous womanhood who represents the very ideals of power, struggle, despair, perseverance, and resolution. bloody shame is considered a religious figure, a woman who sacrificed everything to god. Lily sees the picture of the Black bloody shame as a abridge from heaven t hat she needs to go to Tiburon, where she will find what she is sounding for. Lily puts her reliance in god, as the pure Mary aids her on her quest of self-realisation The Mary picture gives her the courage to go to Tiburon in search of her arrests past.Lily and Rosaleens heroic journey turn overs its first major(ip) leap when they escape their old life of hardship and pain, by hitching a get to Tiburon. This escape represents the crossing of the first verge that every hero essential experience in order to proceed toward their utmost aspiration. In this case, Lilys ultimate somatogenetic object is to understand and come to terms with her anomic produce. Lily and Rosaleen get process crossing the first threshold from an old gr angriness. It pointed left, toward a roadway curving away into silvery darkness. go up out of the truck, Rosaleen asked if we could earn one of his cantaloupes for supper. inte counterbalance yourself two, he said (Kidd 50). The generous so dbuster represents the universal archetype of helping animals. Although he does not actually help either animals, he is arguably, a farmer, and he does help and feed Lily and Rosaleen, who are symbolic for animals. Hitching a ride with a naive farmer only pledgealed the mere beginning of Lilys heroic journey, with much much to come.The paunch of the whale is when Lily realizes that she is mentally prepared to shekels her journey. A lot of folks wont buy it cause its got the Virgin Mary pictured as a colored women, but see, thats cause the women who makes the honey is colored herself (Kidd 64). Lily sees the picture of a colored Virgin Mary as her mother had and intuitively knows that her mother had once been there. There is no bit back after this, no room for cowardice, only courage, because now she has to fulfill her goal and know her history as it converges with her mothers.The picture of the Virgin Mary exemplifies the tabby Godmother archetype because it appeared when L ily needed both a sign and guidance. This is a great example of how the Virgin Mary helps out Lily, and there are many times afterward that her assistance helps Lily endure with grace. With the help of the arrant(a) Mary Lily is ready to take this journey, she feels god is on her side, and that the Mary picture is ultimately a sign that causes Lily to go to sublime, where the realisation of Lilys journey comes to pass. after(prenominal) Lily has started her journey and been in the belly of the whale, a series of tests and trials employ her. Lilys first test was more of a psychological trial in nature, for it was when she had to first confront thehouse that potentially contained the knowledge she wanted astir(predicate) her mother. Rosaleen, who represents her teach and guide, accompanied Lily, on the dot wish genus Athene helps and prays for Odysseus in the Odyssey. When they first arrive on the approachstep, Rosaleen prays for both of them, I knocked on the doorway while she muttered a slew of actors line under her breath Give me specialism Baby Jesus Lost our faded minds (Kidd 68). Lily and Rosaleen must(prenominal)iness endure this trial in order to discover the answers to the many questions. The simple fact is that they had no ides what was behind that door, and were voluntary to put blind fate into the reach of strangers. This is a trial of Lilys will and trust in other people.Lilys second trial emerges when she initially understands Mays reaction to emotional pain. The sisters are overlap a little astir(predicate) themselves with Lily and Rosaleen when the head of their sister who died comes up. She cried like Aprils goal had happened only this second (Kidd 73). Lily finally realizes through this trial that others experience hardships just like she has. May, in this situation, represents the innocent child. She cries like she is just a little girl. When Lily perceives this, it changes the way she looks at things, especially her own problems and even her ultimate goal, knowledge of her mother. We can see this as a deciding factor for Lily in find her place in the farm. Up until that point Lily did not understand May, but now Lily knows where she comes from, Lily knows and begins to understand Mays pain. And by direction outward Lily is able to understand and grow inwardly.Lilys last trial in her ragged life is psychological beings it happens during one of Lilys first major confrontations with grand. In high-flowns story of Beatrix, the nun, August uses this symbol to relate to Lilys life and give her guidance, After a while she wished she could sink to the convent, but she knew theyd never take her back (Kidd 91). This is explaining the story of the bodacious female nun who followed the street of god and saved other along the way. Beatrix is a female inspiration to August as a model for courage and perseverance.August, who is language in this quote, embodies Lilys mothers archetype, because she provides direction when her female child, symbolized by Lily, is confused or in trouble. Lily realizes thebasis of Augusts beliefs, and the power of women in religion. She realizes that women are strong, and that as a woman she must strive to fulfill the bureau of strong leader. This trial is a confessedly factor in deciding how Lily will shape her life, and how she will continue on from there.The temptation away from the true highway in this book can sooner taken for granted(predicate)ly be recognized as Zach, for he encourages Lily to think things she has never fantasy before. Unintentionally, their relationship diverts her attention from viewing about(predicate) what has happened to her mother, to trying to figure out what is breathing out to happen between her and Zach. When Lily is driving with Zach and has a daydream that comp allowely distracts her, I imagined us building a snow cave, sleeping with our bodies twined together to get warm, our arms and legs like black-and-whi te braids. This last thought shock my system so bad I shivered (Kidd 124). In this sense, Zach is a male interlingual rendition of the archetypical temptress. However, as in both Star Wars and The Matrix, Lily is not plumply confuse from her main objective for she equable is able to discover Deborahs history. Exhibiting the uttermost to which she was tempted by the thought of being with Zach, Lily became afraid of the extent of her get along for him.In the heros journey the meeting of the goddess is portrayed in this book with the surrogate mother archetype, August Boatwright. The goddess of the heros journey is almost always a woman with great abilities who helps the hero along on his or her journey. This is evident in August, who personifies the surrogate mother archetype exceptionally well, helping Lily in every way that a mother usually would. For instance, when August and Lily were talking about what they love, Lily thinks, I wanted to add, And you, I love you, but I felt too awkward (Kidd 140). This illustrates that after only a few weeks she feels love for this surrogate mother she has acquired through August Boatwright. Lily realizes that August is her mother. That by showing compassion for Deborah she is connecting with her old mother Deborah. Lily has embraced August as her new guiding figure in her life.The ultimate donation in Lilys journey is when she sees the sign of her mother, in her dream, that lets Lily know that Deborah actually love her, and didntwant just to abandon her . I figured that May mustve made it to heaven and explained to my mother about the sign I wanted (Kidd 276). August gives Lily a picture that showed exactly what she wanted all along. This picture was an exact representation her stick out mother in the true idea of her being a mother figure. After being disappointed knowing that her mother left her, Lily now feels loved by her mother, even though she whitethorn get under ones skin not been there for her. This is her ultimate blessing and even more importantly, the climax of the novel. sightedness this picture gives Lily the strength and courage to move on with her life. Lily forgives her mother for her one speculative mistake, because she has learned many things about her that mean so much more.Representing the heros journey blueprint of the atonement with the father, T. Ray finally finds and reconciles with Lily. This is a very obvious theme for it happens both psychologically and physically. despite that T. Ray had come to force Lily to military issue home with him, she was able to apologize for go forth him and, less obviously, he apologized too. He is caught up in an angry rage as he thinks his daughter is really his inanimate wife who he loved very much even though she ran away from himThis was most apparent when Lily says, DaddyIm-Im low-spirited I left like I did (Kidd 295). Clearly, she was able to forgive T. Ray for all he had done to her, and in translate he was able to l eave without her and still be okay. The stable and tolerable take that Lily establishes with her father represents a height of acceptation that relieves her from the constant weight of his unhappiness. No hourlong must she be the feeble scapegoat of his anger and resent he feels to Deborah Owens, Lilys mother.When Lily refuses to return, she finally stands up to her father for what she desires. Responding to T. Ray harsh statement requesting Lilys return she says, noIm staying here, I said. Im not leaving (Kidd 296). rather than his needs, Lily finally addresses what she desires. While upsetting T. Ray, it is the outperform for both of them. She never had a convention or loving life and now she has both with her new family. T. Ray does not want to be reminded of his wife, and without Lily, he is much more able to move on.This all the way exhibits her refusal of the return and T. Ray as the baddie archetype. T. Ray never came close to being a father to Lily he has always bee n thevillain to her. Henceforth, with the knowledge that she has received about her father, she is able to see him in a new light. Lily now identifies that he must have loved her mother so intensely that when she left him, he was agitated and has never really forgiven her. Transferring his angry feelings about his wife to his treatment of his daughter, T. Ray tries to pluck his hurt and rage. With this awareness, Lily is able to move on, let go of her resentment, forgive him and carry on with her own life.The livery from without in Lilys journey also occurred when the many opposite types of women in her life stood up for her. The front door opened, and Queenie, Violet, Lunelle, and Mabelee stumbled into the house, all wound up and looking like they had their clothes on feebleminded (Kidd 297). Lily received their help when they created a physical presence of protection, for she could not control her father before they got there. All four different types women were they for Lily w hen she needed them, without asking questions or worry about danger.They cared so deeply for her that they dropped everything to catch she was safe with her father. While these significant women may not actually have been her mother, they conjointly represent the mother figure archetype, through providing comfort, direction, and guidance whenever it is needed. She has never had women like them in her life, and now without them, she would not be able to live.After successfully completing the rescue from without, Lily must achieve the overwhelming crossing of the return threshold. This essential step has a greater influence than expected on Lily herself. By passing over to her intangible victory, Lily Owens learns more of the people she will learn to call family. When T. Ray attempts to bring his daughter back to Sylvan, August stands her ground in a valiant support of Lilys decision to remain at the calendar sisters house and terminate her previous active situation. In a cunning a nd manipulative persuasion, August reassures Terrence Ray saying, Mr. Owens, you would be doing Lily and the rest of us a favor by leaving her hereWe love Lily, and well take care of her. I promise you that (Kidd 298).This insure by August was the guiding path for Lily to actually cross the return threshold described in the heros journey. She, Lily, is victorious in doing so because she no longer has to live with herfather, or the villain archetype of the novel. Ironically, by crossing the return threshold Lily physically goes nowhere. It is more of a life decision that an actual change of surroundings. By choosing not to go back to her hometown with T. Ray, Lily is able to complete this step within her heroic voyage and continue onto befitting the keep down of two worlds.The interpretation of the master of the two worlds can be apprehended in multiple ways. In this case, Lily becomes the master of both the living and the defunct. She does this through the connexion she create s with Becca, Claytons daughter, and her deceased mother. Referring to her moms special remembrances, Lily confirms that, One day I will let her pick them upThe feeling that they are holy objects is already starting to wear (Kidd 301). When Lily includes Becca to share her mothers percentagel belongings displays that Lily has created a place where the old or dead aspect of her can interact with the new or living part of her indwelling spirit through the experiences Lily has. This can be represented by the double archetype. Lily is equilibrize her physical and mental lives. She constantly thinks of Deborah, and wants to make emends with her, but on the other egest she is also searching for her mother in a physical manifestation. She is looking to August to be her new mother, but still never forget the mother had. In this since she is the master of two worlds, and two mothers.In the completion of the heros journey, Lily must learn to live with absolute freedom. In order to do thi s she must notice a certain mentality because her freedom relies solely on her positive mind-set and the release of the burdens that have limited her for so long. The stable and tolerable level that Lily establishes with her father represents a height of acceptance that relieves her from the constant weight of his unhappiness. No longer must she be the feeble scapegoat of his anger and resent he feels to Deborah Owens, Lilys mother. For the total of her adolescence Lily has been unconsciously and consciously foraging for a mother figure to fulfill the abide she carries deep inside her heart, and to complete her long and hardened journey. For a child to overcompensate that the responsibility of their parental figures death is their own burden, is awfully determining to the character herself.In this position Lily cannot perforate that her main cause of suffering, the lack of a mother, is her accountability. However, the rock of burdens is liftedwith her sign that she receives fro m her mother. In reference to the Daughters, Lily thinks to herself, All these mothers. I have more mothers than any eight girls off the street. They are the moons shinning over me (Kidd 302). More than dexterous to give her all the love and care, the Daughters complete the freed sense to live for Lily. By obtaining the picture of the angelic mother and smiling child, her mother and her, Lily is able to sense that she is liberated from the designate she has been serving for over fourteen years. dreaded for the guidance and support of a mother, Lily turns to the Daughters of Mary to fill the absent persona.Exemplified in this chronicle quest the Heros journey is evident in Sue Monk Kidds novel, The Secret Life of Bees. Lily, the stripling protagonist of this novel, travels in search of self-fulfillment and accomplishes the requirements if the heros journey, The heros journey helped Lily to grow not only in expierences but also mentally. Kidd specifically developed Lily as a perso na and the novel to parallel the psychological expedition of the standard hero, This angle and outlook of the journey allows the reader to connect and relate to the character, because we see so many examples of heros in our day-after-day society. The Secret Life of Bees is highly out-of-the-way because the majority of heros stories have extreme go over with are unfathomable to the average person. whole shebang CitedKidd, Sue Monk. The Secret Life of Bees. capital of Massachusetts Penguin (Non-Classics), 2003.